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The first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: Implications for early-life exposure
BACKGROUND: Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), commonly used in cleaning, disinfecting, and personal care products, have recently gained worldwide attention due to the massive use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite extensive use of these chemicals, no studies have foc...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Nature Publishing Group US
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9015285/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35437305 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-022-00439-4 |
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author | Zheng, Guomao Schreder, Erika Sathyanarayana, Sheela Salamova, Amina |
author_facet | Zheng, Guomao Schreder, Erika Sathyanarayana, Sheela Salamova, Amina |
author_sort | Zheng, Guomao |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), commonly used in cleaning, disinfecting, and personal care products, have recently gained worldwide attention due to the massive use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite extensive use of these chemicals, no studies have focused on the analysis of QACs in human milk, a major route of exposure for infants. [Image: see text] OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to identify and measure QACs in breast milk and evaluate early-life exposure to this group of compounds for nursing infants. METHODS: Eighteen QACs, including 6 benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs, with alkyl chain lengths of C8-C18), 6 dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DDACs, C8-C18), and 6 alkyltrimethyl ammonium compounds (ATMACs, C8-C18), were measured in breast milk samples collected from U.S. mothers. Daily lactational intake was estimated based on the determined concentrations for 0–12 month old nursing infants. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 18 QACs were detected in breast milk and 7 of them were found in more than half of the samples. The total QAC concentrations (ΣQAC) ranged from 0.33 to 7.4 ng/mL (median 1.5 ng/mL). The most abundant QAC was C14-BAC with a median concentration of 0.45 ng/mL. The highest median ΣQAC estimated daily intake (EDI) was determined for <1-month old infants based on the average (using the median concentration) and high (using the 95(th) percentile concentration) exposure scenarios (230 and 750 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively). SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings provide the first evidence of the detection of several QACs in breast milk and identify breastfeeding as an exposure pathway to QACs for nursing infants. IMPACT STATEMENT: Our findings provide the first evidence of QAC occurrence in breast milk and identify breastfeeding as one of the exposure pathways to QACs for nursing infants. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9015285 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group US |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90152852022-04-19 The first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: Implications for early-life exposure Zheng, Guomao Schreder, Erika Sathyanarayana, Sheela Salamova, Amina J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Article BACKGROUND: Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), commonly used in cleaning, disinfecting, and personal care products, have recently gained worldwide attention due to the massive use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite extensive use of these chemicals, no studies have focused on the analysis of QACs in human milk, a major route of exposure for infants. [Image: see text] OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to identify and measure QACs in breast milk and evaluate early-life exposure to this group of compounds for nursing infants. METHODS: Eighteen QACs, including 6 benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs, with alkyl chain lengths of C8-C18), 6 dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DDACs, C8-C18), and 6 alkyltrimethyl ammonium compounds (ATMACs, C8-C18), were measured in breast milk samples collected from U.S. mothers. Daily lactational intake was estimated based on the determined concentrations for 0–12 month old nursing infants. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 18 QACs were detected in breast milk and 7 of them were found in more than half of the samples. The total QAC concentrations (ΣQAC) ranged from 0.33 to 7.4 ng/mL (median 1.5 ng/mL). The most abundant QAC was C14-BAC with a median concentration of 0.45 ng/mL. The highest median ΣQAC estimated daily intake (EDI) was determined for <1-month old infants based on the average (using the median concentration) and high (using the 95(th) percentile concentration) exposure scenarios (230 and 750 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively). SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings provide the first evidence of the detection of several QACs in breast milk and identify breastfeeding as an exposure pathway to QACs for nursing infants. IMPACT STATEMENT: Our findings provide the first evidence of QAC occurrence in breast milk and identify breastfeeding as one of the exposure pathways to QACs for nursing infants. Nature Publishing Group US 2022-04-18 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9015285/ /pubmed/35437305 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-022-00439-4 Text en © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. 2022 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Article Zheng, Guomao Schreder, Erika Sathyanarayana, Sheela Salamova, Amina The first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: Implications for early-life exposure |
title | The first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: Implications for early-life exposure |
title_full | The first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: Implications for early-life exposure |
title_fullStr | The first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: Implications for early-life exposure |
title_full_unstemmed | The first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: Implications for early-life exposure |
title_short | The first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: Implications for early-life exposure |
title_sort | first detection of quaternary ammonium compounds in breast milk: implications for early-life exposure |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9015285/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35437305 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-022-00439-4 |
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