Endothelial cells of pulmonary origin display unique sensitivity to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major clinical problem without available therapies. Known risks for ARDS include severe sepsis, SARS‐CoV‐2, gram‐negative bacteria, trauma, pancreatitis, and blood transfusion. During ARDS, blood fluids and inflammatory cells enter the alveoli, preventing oxygen exchange from air into blood vessels. Reduced pulmonary endothelial barrier function, resulting in leakage of plasma from blood vessels, is one of the major determinants in ARDS. It is, however, unknown why systemic inflammation particularly targets the pulmonary endothelium, as endothelial cells (ECs) line all vessels in the vascular system of the body. In this study, we examined ECs of pulmonary, umbilical, renal, pancreatic, and cardiac origin for upregulation of adhesion molecules, ability to facilitate neutrophil (PMN) trans‐endothelial migration (TEM) and for endothelial barrier function, in response to the gram‐negative bacterial endotoxin LPS. Interestingly, we found that upon LPS stimulation, pulmonary ECs showed increased levels of adhesion molecules, facilitated more PMN‐TEM and significantly perturbed the endothelial barrier, compared to other types of ECs. These observations could partly be explained by a higher expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM‐1 on the pulmonary endothelial surface compared to other ECs. Moreover, we identified an increased expression of Cadherin‐13 in pulmonary ECs, for which we demonstrated that it aids PMN‐TEM in pulmonary ECs stimulated with LPS. We conclude that pulmonary ECs are uniquely sensitive to LPS, and intrinsically different, compared to ECs from other vascular beds. This may add to our understanding of the development of ARDS upon systemic inflammation.