Identifying critical transitions in complex diseases

Mortality and the burden of diseases worldwide continue to reach substantial numbers with societal development and urbanization. In the face of decline in human health, early detection of complex diseases is indispensable, albeit challenging. In this review, we document the research carried out thus far on the appearance of complex diseases marked by a critical transition or a sudden shift from a healthy state to a disease state. The theory of resilience and critical slowing down can provide practical tools to forecast the onset of various fatal and perpetuating diseases. However, critical transitions in diseases across diverse temporal and spatial scales may not always be preceded by critical slowing down. In this backdrop, an in-depth study of the underlying molecular mechanisms provides dynamic network biomarkers that can forecast potential critical transitions. We have put together the theory of complex diseases and resilience, and have discussed the need for advanced research in developing early warning signals in the field of medicine and health care. We conclude the review with a few open questions and prospects for research in this emerging field.