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Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcification
Coronary artery calcium (CAC), which can be measured in various types of computed tomography (CT) examinations, is a hallmark of coronary artery atherosclerosis. However, despite the clinical value of CAC scores in predicting cardiovascular events, routine measurement of CAC scores is limited due to...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9019148/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35463761 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.849223 |
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author | Han, Changho Kang, Ki-Woon Kim, Tae Young Uhm, Jae-Sun Park, Je-Wook Jung, In Hyun Kim, Minkwan Bae, SungA Lim, Hong-Seok Yoon, Dukyong |
author_facet | Han, Changho Kang, Ki-Woon Kim, Tae Young Uhm, Jae-Sun Park, Je-Wook Jung, In Hyun Kim, Minkwan Bae, SungA Lim, Hong-Seok Yoon, Dukyong |
author_sort | Han, Changho |
collection | PubMed |
description | Coronary artery calcium (CAC), which can be measured in various types of computed tomography (CT) examinations, is a hallmark of coronary artery atherosclerosis. However, despite the clinical value of CAC scores in predicting cardiovascular events, routine measurement of CAC scores is limited due to high cost, radiation exposure, and lack of widespread availability. It would be of great clinical significance if CAC could be predicted by electrocardiograms (ECGs), which are cost-effective and routinely performed during various medical checkups. We aimed to develop binary classification artificial intelligence (AI) models that predict CAC using only ECGs as input. Moreover, we aimed to address the generalizability of our model in different environments by externally validating our model on a dataset from a different institution. Among adult patients, standard 12-lead ECGs were extracted if measured within 60 days before or after the CAC scores, and labeled with the corresponding CAC scores. We constructed deep convolutional neural network models based on residual networks using only the raw waveforms of the ECGs as input, predicting CAC at different levels, namely CAC score ≥100, ≥400 and ≥1,000. Our AI models performed well in predicting CAC in the training and internal validation dataset [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) 0.753 ± 0.009, 0.802 ± 0.027, and 0.835 ± 0.024 for the CAC score ≥100, ≥400, and ≥1,000 model, respectively]. Our models also performed well in the external validation dataset (AUROC 0.718, 0.777 and 0.803 for the CAC score ≥100, ≥400, and ≥1,000 model, respectively), indicating that our model can generalize well to different but plausibly related populations. Model performance in terms of AUROC increased in the order of CAC score ≥100, ≥400, and ≥1,000 model, indicating that higher CAC scores might be associated with more prominent structural changes of the heart detected by the model. With our AI models, a substantial proportion of previously unrecognized CAC can be afforded with a risk stratification of CAC, enabling initiation of prophylactic therapy, and reducing the adverse consequences related to ischemic heart disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9019148 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90191482022-04-21 Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcification Han, Changho Kang, Ki-Woon Kim, Tae Young Uhm, Jae-Sun Park, Je-Wook Jung, In Hyun Kim, Minkwan Bae, SungA Lim, Hong-Seok Yoon, Dukyong Front Cardiovasc Med Cardiovascular Medicine Coronary artery calcium (CAC), which can be measured in various types of computed tomography (CT) examinations, is a hallmark of coronary artery atherosclerosis. However, despite the clinical value of CAC scores in predicting cardiovascular events, routine measurement of CAC scores is limited due to high cost, radiation exposure, and lack of widespread availability. It would be of great clinical significance if CAC could be predicted by electrocardiograms (ECGs), which are cost-effective and routinely performed during various medical checkups. We aimed to develop binary classification artificial intelligence (AI) models that predict CAC using only ECGs as input. Moreover, we aimed to address the generalizability of our model in different environments by externally validating our model on a dataset from a different institution. Among adult patients, standard 12-lead ECGs were extracted if measured within 60 days before or after the CAC scores, and labeled with the corresponding CAC scores. We constructed deep convolutional neural network models based on residual networks using only the raw waveforms of the ECGs as input, predicting CAC at different levels, namely CAC score ≥100, ≥400 and ≥1,000. Our AI models performed well in predicting CAC in the training and internal validation dataset [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) 0.753 ± 0.009, 0.802 ± 0.027, and 0.835 ± 0.024 for the CAC score ≥100, ≥400, and ≥1,000 model, respectively]. Our models also performed well in the external validation dataset (AUROC 0.718, 0.777 and 0.803 for the CAC score ≥100, ≥400, and ≥1,000 model, respectively), indicating that our model can generalize well to different but plausibly related populations. Model performance in terms of AUROC increased in the order of CAC score ≥100, ≥400, and ≥1,000 model, indicating that higher CAC scores might be associated with more prominent structural changes of the heart detected by the model. With our AI models, a substantial proportion of previously unrecognized CAC can be afforded with a risk stratification of CAC, enabling initiation of prophylactic therapy, and reducing the adverse consequences related to ischemic heart disease. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-04-06 /pmc/articles/PMC9019148/ /pubmed/35463761 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.849223 Text en Copyright © 2022 Han, Kang, Kim, Uhm, Park, Jung, Kim, Bae, Lim and Yoon. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cardiovascular Medicine Han, Changho Kang, Ki-Woon Kim, Tae Young Uhm, Jae-Sun Park, Je-Wook Jung, In Hyun Kim, Minkwan Bae, SungA Lim, Hong-Seok Yoon, Dukyong Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcification |
title | Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcification |
title_full | Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcification |
title_fullStr | Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcification |
title_full_unstemmed | Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcification |
title_short | Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcification |
title_sort | artificial intelligence-enabled ecg algorithm for the prediction of coronary artery calcification |
topic | Cardiovascular Medicine |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9019148/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35463761 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.849223 |
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