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The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mortality is caused by uncontrolled inflammation, aberrant immune response, cytokine storm, and...

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Autores principales: Hsu, Ren-Jun, Yu, Wei-Chieh, Peng, Guan-Ru, Ye, Chih-Hung, Hu, SuiYun, Chong, Patrick Chun Theng, Yap, Kah Yi, Lee, Jamie Yu Chieh, Lin, Wei-Chen, Yu, Shu-Han
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9021400/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35464491
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.832394
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author Hsu, Ren-Jun
Yu, Wei-Chieh
Peng, Guan-Ru
Ye, Chih-Hung
Hu, SuiYun
Chong, Patrick Chun Theng
Yap, Kah Yi
Lee, Jamie Yu Chieh
Lin, Wei-Chen
Yu, Shu-Han
author_facet Hsu, Ren-Jun
Yu, Wei-Chieh
Peng, Guan-Ru
Ye, Chih-Hung
Hu, SuiYun
Chong, Patrick Chun Theng
Yap, Kah Yi
Lee, Jamie Yu Chieh
Lin, Wei-Chen
Yu, Shu-Han
author_sort Hsu, Ren-Jun
collection PubMed
description Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mortality is caused by uncontrolled inflammation, aberrant immune response, cytokine storm, and an imbalanced hyperactive immune system. The cytokine storm further results in multiple organ failure and lung immunopathology. Therefore, any potential treatments should focus on the direct elimination of viral particles, prevention strategies, and mitigation of the imbalanced (hyperactive) immune system. This review focuses on cytokine secretions of innate and adaptive immune responses against COVID-19, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and other chemokines. In addition to the review focus, we discuss potential immunotherapeutic approaches based on relevant pathophysiological features, the systemic immune response against SARS-CoV-2, and data from recent clinical trials and experiments on the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm. Prompt use of these cytokines as diagnostic markers and aggressive prevention and management of the cytokine storm can help determine COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality. The prophylaxis and rapid management of the cytokine storm appear to significantly improve disease outcomes. For these reasons, this study aims to provide advanced information to facilitate innovative strategies to survive in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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spelling pubmed-90214002022-04-22 The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections Hsu, Ren-Jun Yu, Wei-Chieh Peng, Guan-Ru Ye, Chih-Hung Hu, SuiYun Chong, Patrick Chun Theng Yap, Kah Yi Lee, Jamie Yu Chieh Lin, Wei-Chen Yu, Shu-Han Front Immunol Immunology Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mortality is caused by uncontrolled inflammation, aberrant immune response, cytokine storm, and an imbalanced hyperactive immune system. The cytokine storm further results in multiple organ failure and lung immunopathology. Therefore, any potential treatments should focus on the direct elimination of viral particles, prevention strategies, and mitigation of the imbalanced (hyperactive) immune system. This review focuses on cytokine secretions of innate and adaptive immune responses against COVID-19, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and other chemokines. In addition to the review focus, we discuss potential immunotherapeutic approaches based on relevant pathophysiological features, the systemic immune response against SARS-CoV-2, and data from recent clinical trials and experiments on the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm. Prompt use of these cytokines as diagnostic markers and aggressive prevention and management of the cytokine storm can help determine COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality. The prophylaxis and rapid management of the cytokine storm appear to significantly improve disease outcomes. For these reasons, this study aims to provide advanced information to facilitate innovative strategies to survive in the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-04-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9021400/ /pubmed/35464491 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.832394 Text en Copyright © 2022 Hsu, Yu, Peng, Ye, Hu, Chong, Yap, Lee, Lin and Yu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Hsu, Ren-Jun
Yu, Wei-Chieh
Peng, Guan-Ru
Ye, Chih-Hung
Hu, SuiYun
Chong, Patrick Chun Theng
Yap, Kah Yi
Lee, Jamie Yu Chieh
Lin, Wei-Chen
Yu, Shu-Han
The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections
title The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections
title_full The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections
title_fullStr The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections
title_short The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections
title_sort role of cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9021400/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35464491
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.832394
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