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Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body

Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and que...

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Autores principales: Rieck, Julian, Skatchkov, Serguei N., Derst, Christian, Eaton, Misty J., Veh, Rüdiger W.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025450/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35454090
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12040501
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author Rieck, Julian
Skatchkov, Serguei N.
Derst, Christian
Eaton, Misty J.
Veh, Rüdiger W.
author_facet Rieck, Julian
Skatchkov, Serguei N.
Derst, Christian
Eaton, Misty J.
Veh, Rüdiger W.
author_sort Rieck, Julian
collection PubMed
description Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and questions: (1) It summarizes the role of most natural and some important synthetic PAs. (2) It depicts PA uptake from nutrition and bacterial production in the intestinal system following loss of PAs via defecation. (3) It highlights the discrepancy between the high concentrations of PAs in the gut lumen and their low concentration in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, while concentrations in cellular cytoplasm are much higher. (4) The present review provides a novel and complete scheme for the biosynthesis of Pas, including glycine, glutamate, proline and others as PA precursors, and provides a hypothesis that the agmatine pathway may rescue putrescine production when ODC knockout seems to be lethal (solving the apparent contradiction in the literature). (5) It summarizes novel data on PA transport in brain glial cells explaining why these cells but not neurons preferentially accumulate PAs. (6) Finally, it provides a novel and complete scheme for PA interconversion, including hypusine, putreanine, and GABA (unique gliotransmitter) as end-products. Altogether, this review can serve as an updated contribution to understanding the PA mystery.
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spelling pubmed-90254502022-04-23 Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body Rieck, Julian Skatchkov, Serguei N. Derst, Christian Eaton, Misty J. Veh, Rüdiger W. Biomolecules Review Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and questions: (1) It summarizes the role of most natural and some important synthetic PAs. (2) It depicts PA uptake from nutrition and bacterial production in the intestinal system following loss of PAs via defecation. (3) It highlights the discrepancy between the high concentrations of PAs in the gut lumen and their low concentration in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, while concentrations in cellular cytoplasm are much higher. (4) The present review provides a novel and complete scheme for the biosynthesis of Pas, including glycine, glutamate, proline and others as PA precursors, and provides a hypothesis that the agmatine pathway may rescue putrescine production when ODC knockout seems to be lethal (solving the apparent contradiction in the literature). (5) It summarizes novel data on PA transport in brain glial cells explaining why these cells but not neurons preferentially accumulate PAs. (6) Finally, it provides a novel and complete scheme for PA interconversion, including hypusine, putreanine, and GABA (unique gliotransmitter) as end-products. Altogether, this review can serve as an updated contribution to understanding the PA mystery. MDPI 2022-03-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9025450/ /pubmed/35454090 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12040501 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Rieck, Julian
Skatchkov, Serguei N.
Derst, Christian
Eaton, Misty J.
Veh, Rüdiger W.
Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body
title Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body
title_full Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body
title_fullStr Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body
title_full_unstemmed Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body
title_short Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body
title_sort unique chemistry, intake, and metabolism of polyamines in the central nervous system (cns) and its body
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025450/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35454090
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12040501
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