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Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes—Old Disease and New Data
SIMPLE SUMMARY: Despite many studies, the risk factors of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in children and adolescents are still not fully understood and remain a big challenge. Therefore, an extensive online search for scientific research on factors related to diabetes has been performed for the identificati...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9027552/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35453807 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040608 |
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author | Zorena, Katarzyna Michalska, Małgorzata Kurpas, Monika Jaskulak, Marta Murawska, Anna Rostami, Saeid |
author_facet | Zorena, Katarzyna Michalska, Małgorzata Kurpas, Monika Jaskulak, Marta Murawska, Anna Rostami, Saeid |
author_sort | Zorena, Katarzyna |
collection | PubMed |
description | SIMPLE SUMMARY: Despite many studies, the risk factors of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in children and adolescents are still not fully understood and remain a big challenge. Therefore, an extensive online search for scientific research on factors related to diabetes has been performed for the identification of new factors of unexplained etiology. A better understanding of the role of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections related to the risk of T1DM in children and adolescents and the identification of new risk factors, especially those spread by the droplet route, is of great importance for people and families with diabetes. ABSTRACT: The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing worldwide. The onset of T1D usually occurs in childhood and is caused by the selective destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells (β-cells) by autoreactive T cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Despite advanced research and enormous progress in medicine, the causes of T1D are still not fully understood. Therefore, an extensive online search for scientific research on environmental factors associated with diabetes and the identification of new factors of unexplained etiology has been carried out using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The search results were limited to the past 11 years of research and discovered 143 manuscripts published between 2011 and 2022. Additionally, 21 manuscripts from between 2000 and 2010 and 3 manuscripts from 1974 to 2000 were referenced for historical reference as the first studies showcasing a certain phenomenon or mechanism. More and more scientists are inclined to believe that environmental factors are responsible for the increased incidence of diabetes. Research results show that higher T1D incidence is associated with vitamin D deficiency, a colder climate, and pollution of the environment, as well as the influence of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections. The key viral infections affecting the risk of developing T1DM are rubella virus, mumps virus, Coxsackie virus, cytomegalovirus, and enterovirus. Since 2020, i.e., from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, more and more studies have been looking for a link between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and diabetes development. A better understanding of the role of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections related to the risk of T1DM in children and adolescents and the identification of new risk factors, especially those spread by the droplet route, is of great importance for people and families with diabetes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9027552 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90275522022-04-23 Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes—Old Disease and New Data Zorena, Katarzyna Michalska, Małgorzata Kurpas, Monika Jaskulak, Marta Murawska, Anna Rostami, Saeid Biology (Basel) Review SIMPLE SUMMARY: Despite many studies, the risk factors of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in children and adolescents are still not fully understood and remain a big challenge. Therefore, an extensive online search for scientific research on factors related to diabetes has been performed for the identification of new factors of unexplained etiology. A better understanding of the role of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections related to the risk of T1DM in children and adolescents and the identification of new risk factors, especially those spread by the droplet route, is of great importance for people and families with diabetes. ABSTRACT: The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing worldwide. The onset of T1D usually occurs in childhood and is caused by the selective destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells (β-cells) by autoreactive T cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Despite advanced research and enormous progress in medicine, the causes of T1D are still not fully understood. Therefore, an extensive online search for scientific research on environmental factors associated with diabetes and the identification of new factors of unexplained etiology has been carried out using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The search results were limited to the past 11 years of research and discovered 143 manuscripts published between 2011 and 2022. Additionally, 21 manuscripts from between 2000 and 2010 and 3 manuscripts from 1974 to 2000 were referenced for historical reference as the first studies showcasing a certain phenomenon or mechanism. More and more scientists are inclined to believe that environmental factors are responsible for the increased incidence of diabetes. Research results show that higher T1D incidence is associated with vitamin D deficiency, a colder climate, and pollution of the environment, as well as the influence of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections. The key viral infections affecting the risk of developing T1DM are rubella virus, mumps virus, Coxsackie virus, cytomegalovirus, and enterovirus. Since 2020, i.e., from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, more and more studies have been looking for a link between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and diabetes development. A better understanding of the role of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections related to the risk of T1DM in children and adolescents and the identification of new risk factors, especially those spread by the droplet route, is of great importance for people and families with diabetes. MDPI 2022-04-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9027552/ /pubmed/35453807 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040608 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Zorena, Katarzyna Michalska, Małgorzata Kurpas, Monika Jaskulak, Marta Murawska, Anna Rostami, Saeid Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes—Old Disease and New Data |
title | Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes—Old Disease and New Data |
title_full | Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes—Old Disease and New Data |
title_fullStr | Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes—Old Disease and New Data |
title_full_unstemmed | Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes—Old Disease and New Data |
title_short | Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes—Old Disease and New Data |
title_sort | environmental factors and the risk of developing type 1 diabetes—old disease and new data |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9027552/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35453807 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040608 |
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