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Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams

Under the background of climate change, the steel industry is considered one of the least eco-friendly industries. Flax fiber-reinforced polymer (FFRP) is an emerging sustainable alternative to steel reinforcement bar; however, its application is much restricted due to its interior material properti...

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Autores principales: Chen, Cheng, Li, Caiwei, Zhou, Yingwu, Sui, Lili, Li, Xue
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9030416/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35454619
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082927
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author Chen, Cheng
Li, Caiwei
Zhou, Yingwu
Sui, Lili
Li, Xue
author_facet Chen, Cheng
Li, Caiwei
Zhou, Yingwu
Sui, Lili
Li, Xue
author_sort Chen, Cheng
collection PubMed
description Under the background of climate change, the steel industry is considered one of the least eco-friendly industries. Flax fiber-reinforced polymer (FFRP) is an emerging sustainable alternative to steel reinforcement bar; however, its application is much restricted due to its interior material properties. This paper proposed a novel way to form closed-shape stirrups with FFRP, which is suitable for replacing steel stirrups. A multi-disciplinary investigation was conducted concerning the structural and environmental performance of FFRP stirrups in reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Seven specimens were tested under a three-point bending load. The FFRP stirrups substantially increased the shear capacity and ultimate vertical displacement by 77% and 74%, respectively, and shifted brittle failure to ductile failure. The closed-shape stirrups avoided the stress concentration and increased the utilization of FFRP tensile capacity to over 80%. Decreasing the spacing of FFRP stirrups effectively increased the shear capacity and ductility; increasing the width or layer of FFRP stirrups improved ductility only. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was later performed to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of steel, FFRP, and carbon FRP stirrups. As compared to carbon FRP and steel ones, FFRP stirrups substantially decreased the global warming and fossil depletion potential by over 60%. The main contributors to the environmental impacts of FFRP stirrups were the heavy metal released into the water and terrestrial environment during the cultivation process.
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spelling pubmed-90304162022-04-23 Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams Chen, Cheng Li, Caiwei Zhou, Yingwu Sui, Lili Li, Xue Materials (Basel) Article Under the background of climate change, the steel industry is considered one of the least eco-friendly industries. Flax fiber-reinforced polymer (FFRP) is an emerging sustainable alternative to steel reinforcement bar; however, its application is much restricted due to its interior material properties. This paper proposed a novel way to form closed-shape stirrups with FFRP, which is suitable for replacing steel stirrups. A multi-disciplinary investigation was conducted concerning the structural and environmental performance of FFRP stirrups in reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Seven specimens were tested under a three-point bending load. The FFRP stirrups substantially increased the shear capacity and ultimate vertical displacement by 77% and 74%, respectively, and shifted brittle failure to ductile failure. The closed-shape stirrups avoided the stress concentration and increased the utilization of FFRP tensile capacity to over 80%. Decreasing the spacing of FFRP stirrups effectively increased the shear capacity and ductility; increasing the width or layer of FFRP stirrups improved ductility only. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was later performed to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of steel, FFRP, and carbon FRP stirrups. As compared to carbon FRP and steel ones, FFRP stirrups substantially decreased the global warming and fossil depletion potential by over 60%. The main contributors to the environmental impacts of FFRP stirrups were the heavy metal released into the water and terrestrial environment during the cultivation process. MDPI 2022-04-17 /pmc/articles/PMC9030416/ /pubmed/35454619 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082927 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Chen, Cheng
Li, Caiwei
Zhou, Yingwu
Sui, Lili
Li, Xue
Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams
title Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams
title_full Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams
title_fullStr Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams
title_full_unstemmed Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams
title_short Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams
title_sort applying flax frp in an innovative closed-shape stirrup for concrete beams
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9030416/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35454619
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082927
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