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Body Representation in Patients with Severe Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study on the Promising Role of Powered Exoskeleton for Gait Training
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) complain of changes in body representation, potentially leading to negative physical and psychological consequences. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effects of robotic training with the Ekso-GT on body representation (BR) and on the quality of life...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9030625/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35455735 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040619 |
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author | Maggio, Maria Grazia Naro, Antonino De Luca, Rosaria Latella, Desiree Balletta, Tina Caccamo, Lory Pioggia, Giovanni Bruschetta, Daniele Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore |
author_facet | Maggio, Maria Grazia Naro, Antonino De Luca, Rosaria Latella, Desiree Balletta, Tina Caccamo, Lory Pioggia, Giovanni Bruschetta, Daniele Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore |
author_sort | Maggio, Maria Grazia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) complain of changes in body representation, potentially leading to negative physical and psychological consequences. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effects of robotic training with the Ekso-GT on body representation (BR) and on the quality of life in patients with SCI. The trial was designed as a pilot, assessor-blinded study. Forty-two inpatients with a diagnosis of SCI, classified as either American Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), were enrolled in this study and randomized into either a control (CG: n = 21) or an experimental (EG: n = 21) group. Patients in the EG received rehabilitation training with the Ekso-GT device, whereas the CG patients were trained with conventional physical therapy (CPT), which consisted of physical and occupational therapy and psychological support. We considered as a primary outcome the modified Body Uneasiness Test (MBUT), focusing on three specific subscales on the patient’s perception of BR, i.e., the Global Severity Index (MBUT-GSI), which is an indicator of body suffering; the Positive Symptom Distress Index (MBUT-PSDI) that expresses an individual’s psychological distress; and the Lower Limb MBUT (MBUT-LL), which indicates the subject’s perception of their thighs/legs. The Short-Form-12 Health Status Questionnaire (SF12) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were used as secondary outcomes to evaluate the effect of the training on the quality of life and the psychological status. Non-parametric statistical analysis showed that the effect of the two treatments was significantly different on MBUT (BR), SF-12 (quality of life), and, partially, BDI (mood). Particularly, patients belonging to the EG achieved a major improvement in nearly all test scores compared to those in the CG. Our data suggest that the Ekso-GT training could be helpful in achieving positive changes in BR in patients with chronic SCI, especially in reducing psychological distress (PSDI) and thigh/leg perception (MBUT-LL) with an overall improvement in quality of life (SF-12). |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9030625 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90306252022-04-23 Body Representation in Patients with Severe Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study on the Promising Role of Powered Exoskeleton for Gait Training Maggio, Maria Grazia Naro, Antonino De Luca, Rosaria Latella, Desiree Balletta, Tina Caccamo, Lory Pioggia, Giovanni Bruschetta, Daniele Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore J Pers Med Article Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) complain of changes in body representation, potentially leading to negative physical and psychological consequences. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effects of robotic training with the Ekso-GT on body representation (BR) and on the quality of life in patients with SCI. The trial was designed as a pilot, assessor-blinded study. Forty-two inpatients with a diagnosis of SCI, classified as either American Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), were enrolled in this study and randomized into either a control (CG: n = 21) or an experimental (EG: n = 21) group. Patients in the EG received rehabilitation training with the Ekso-GT device, whereas the CG patients were trained with conventional physical therapy (CPT), which consisted of physical and occupational therapy and psychological support. We considered as a primary outcome the modified Body Uneasiness Test (MBUT), focusing on three specific subscales on the patient’s perception of BR, i.e., the Global Severity Index (MBUT-GSI), which is an indicator of body suffering; the Positive Symptom Distress Index (MBUT-PSDI) that expresses an individual’s psychological distress; and the Lower Limb MBUT (MBUT-LL), which indicates the subject’s perception of their thighs/legs. The Short-Form-12 Health Status Questionnaire (SF12) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were used as secondary outcomes to evaluate the effect of the training on the quality of life and the psychological status. Non-parametric statistical analysis showed that the effect of the two treatments was significantly different on MBUT (BR), SF-12 (quality of life), and, partially, BDI (mood). Particularly, patients belonging to the EG achieved a major improvement in nearly all test scores compared to those in the CG. Our data suggest that the Ekso-GT training could be helpful in achieving positive changes in BR in patients with chronic SCI, especially in reducing psychological distress (PSDI) and thigh/leg perception (MBUT-LL) with an overall improvement in quality of life (SF-12). MDPI 2022-04-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9030625/ /pubmed/35455735 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040619 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Maggio, Maria Grazia Naro, Antonino De Luca, Rosaria Latella, Desiree Balletta, Tina Caccamo, Lory Pioggia, Giovanni Bruschetta, Daniele Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore Body Representation in Patients with Severe Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study on the Promising Role of Powered Exoskeleton for Gait Training |
title | Body Representation in Patients with Severe Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study on the Promising Role of Powered Exoskeleton for Gait Training |
title_full | Body Representation in Patients with Severe Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study on the Promising Role of Powered Exoskeleton for Gait Training |
title_fullStr | Body Representation in Patients with Severe Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study on the Promising Role of Powered Exoskeleton for Gait Training |
title_full_unstemmed | Body Representation in Patients with Severe Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study on the Promising Role of Powered Exoskeleton for Gait Training |
title_short | Body Representation in Patients with Severe Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study on the Promising Role of Powered Exoskeleton for Gait Training |
title_sort | body representation in patients with severe spinal cord injury: a pilot study on the promising role of powered exoskeleton for gait training |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9030625/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35455735 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040619 |
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