Characteristics, Source Contributions, and Source-Specific Health Risks of PM(2.5)-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Senior Citizens during the Heating Season in Tianjin, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have carcinogenic impacts on human health. However, limited studies are available on the characteristics, sources, and source-specific health risks of PM(2.5)-bound PAHs based on personal exposure data, and comparisons of the contributions of indoor and outdoor sources are also lacking. We recruited 101 senior citizens in the winter of 2011 for personal PM(2.5) sample collection. Fourteen PAHs were analyzed, potential sources were apportioned using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and inhalational carcinogenic risks of each source were estimated. Six emission sources were identified, including coal combustion, gasoline emission, diesel emission, biomass burning, cooking, and environmental tobacco smoking (ETS). The contribution to carcinogenic risk of each source occurred in the following sequence: biomass burning > diesel emission > gasoline emission > ETS > coal combustion > cooking. Moreover, the contributions of biomass burning, diesel emission, ETS, and indoor sources (sum of cooking and ETS) to PAH-induced carcinogenic risk were higher than those to the PAH mass concentration, suggesting severe carcinogenic risk per unit contribution. This study revealed the contribution of indoor and outdoor sources to mass concentration and carcinogenic risk of PM(2.5)-bound PAHs, which could act as a guide to mitigate the exposure level and risk of PM(2.5)-bound PAHs.