Novel N,Cl-doped deep eutectic solvents-based carbon dots as a selective fluorescent probe for determination of morphine in food

In the present study, new N,Cl co-doped carbon dots (N,Cl-CDs) based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) were fabricated by a facile hydrothermal process. This fluorescent probe exhibited a good quantum yield of 14% and was applied for the sensitive and selective quantification of morphine in foods. In addition, the influence of solution pH, interaction time, system temperature, interfering substances and analogues on the determination was also investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the luminescence intensity of carbon dots increased linearly with the addition of morphine in the concentration range of (0.15–280.25) μg mL(−1) (R(2) > 0.9969) and the limit of detection (LOD) of 46.5 ng mL(−1). Based on these results, it is suggested that N,Cl-CDs is a promising fluorescent probe for sensitive and selective quantification of morphine in foods.