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Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors

Continuous urban expansion transforms the natural land cover into impervious surfaces across the world. It increases the city’s thermal intensity that impacts the local climate, thus, warming the urban environment. Surface urban heat island (SUHI) is an indicator of quantifying such local urban warm...

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Autores principales: Ejiagha, Ifeanyi R., Ahmed, M. Razu, Dewan, Ashraf, Gupta, Anil, Rangelova, Elena, Hassan, Quazi K.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9032056/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35458879
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082894
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author Ejiagha, Ifeanyi R.
Ahmed, M. Razu
Dewan, Ashraf
Gupta, Anil
Rangelova, Elena
Hassan, Quazi K.
author_facet Ejiagha, Ifeanyi R.
Ahmed, M. Razu
Dewan, Ashraf
Gupta, Anil
Rangelova, Elena
Hassan, Quazi K.
author_sort Ejiagha, Ifeanyi R.
collection PubMed
description Continuous urban expansion transforms the natural land cover into impervious surfaces across the world. It increases the city’s thermal intensity that impacts the local climate, thus, warming the urban environment. Surface urban heat island (SUHI) is an indicator of quantifying such local urban warming. In this study, we quantified SUHI for the two most populated cities in Alberta, Canada, i.e., the city of Calgary and the city of Edmonton. We used the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) acquired land surface temperature (LST) to estimate the day and nighttime SUHI and its trends during 2001–2020. We also performed a correlation analysis between SUHI and selected seven influencing factors, such as urban expansion, population, precipitation, and four large-scale atmospheric oscillations, i.e., Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Pacific North America (PNA), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO). Our results indicated a continuous increase in the annual day and nighttime SUHI values from 2001 to 2020 in both cities, with a higher magnitude found for Calgary. Moreover, the highest value of daytime SUHI was observed in July for both cities. While significant warming trends of SUHI were noticed in the annual daytime for the cities, only Calgary showed it in the annual nighttime. The monthly significant warming trends of SUHI showed an increasing pattern during daytime in June, July, August, and September in Calgary, and March and September in Edmonton. Here, only Calgary showed the nighttime significant warming trends in March, May, and August. Further, our correlation analysis indicated that population and built-up expansion were the main factors that influenced the SUHI in the cities during the study period. Moreover, SST indicated an acceptable relationship with SUHI in Edmonton only, while PDO, PNA, and AO did not show any relation in either of the two cities. We conclude that population, built-up size, and landscape pattern could better explain the variations of the SUHI intensity and trends. These findings may help to develop the adaptation and mitigating strategies in fighting the impact of SUHI and ensure a sustainable city environment.
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spelling pubmed-90320562022-04-23 Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors Ejiagha, Ifeanyi R. Ahmed, M. Razu Dewan, Ashraf Gupta, Anil Rangelova, Elena Hassan, Quazi K. Sensors (Basel) Article Continuous urban expansion transforms the natural land cover into impervious surfaces across the world. It increases the city’s thermal intensity that impacts the local climate, thus, warming the urban environment. Surface urban heat island (SUHI) is an indicator of quantifying such local urban warming. In this study, we quantified SUHI for the two most populated cities in Alberta, Canada, i.e., the city of Calgary and the city of Edmonton. We used the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) acquired land surface temperature (LST) to estimate the day and nighttime SUHI and its trends during 2001–2020. We also performed a correlation analysis between SUHI and selected seven influencing factors, such as urban expansion, population, precipitation, and four large-scale atmospheric oscillations, i.e., Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Pacific North America (PNA), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO). Our results indicated a continuous increase in the annual day and nighttime SUHI values from 2001 to 2020 in both cities, with a higher magnitude found for Calgary. Moreover, the highest value of daytime SUHI was observed in July for both cities. While significant warming trends of SUHI were noticed in the annual daytime for the cities, only Calgary showed it in the annual nighttime. The monthly significant warming trends of SUHI showed an increasing pattern during daytime in June, July, August, and September in Calgary, and March and September in Edmonton. Here, only Calgary showed the nighttime significant warming trends in March, May, and August. Further, our correlation analysis indicated that population and built-up expansion were the main factors that influenced the SUHI in the cities during the study period. Moreover, SST indicated an acceptable relationship with SUHI in Edmonton only, while PDO, PNA, and AO did not show any relation in either of the two cities. We conclude that population, built-up size, and landscape pattern could better explain the variations of the SUHI intensity and trends. These findings may help to develop the adaptation and mitigating strategies in fighting the impact of SUHI and ensure a sustainable city environment. MDPI 2022-04-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9032056/ /pubmed/35458879 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082894 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Ejiagha, Ifeanyi R.
Ahmed, M. Razu
Dewan, Ashraf
Gupta, Anil
Rangelova, Elena
Hassan, Quazi K.
Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors
title Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors
title_full Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors
title_fullStr Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors
title_full_unstemmed Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors
title_short Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors
title_sort urban warming of the two most populated cities in the canadian province of alberta, and its influencing factors
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9032056/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35458879
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082894
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