High performance organic light-emitting diodes employing ITO-free and flexible TiO(x)/Ag/Al:ZnO electrodes

The broad application of flexible optoelectronic devices is still hampered by the lack of an ITO-free and highly flexible transparent electrode. Dielectric/metal/dielectric (DMD) transparent electrodes are promising candidates to replace ITO, especially in flexible devices due to their mechanical stability to bending, high optical transmittance and low sheet resistance (<6 Ω sq(−1)). This paper reports on organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) employing a DMD electrode, specifically TiO(x)/Ag/Al:ZnO (doped with 2 wt% Al(2)O(3)) fabricated by sputter deposition, together with a solution-processed organic polymeric emitting layer. The electrodes were sputtered without substrate heating on rigid glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The results showed that the OLED devices on the DMD electrodes outperform the OLEDs on commercial ITO substrates in terms of maximum luminance as well as current efficacy. Specifically, DMD-based devices achieve up to 30% higher current efficacy on glass and up to 260% higher efficacy on PET, as compared to the ITO-based reference devices. Maximum luminance reaches up to 100 000 cd m(−2) for the DMD-based OLEDs on glass and 43 000 cd m(−2) for those on PET. This performance is due to the low sheet resistance of the electrodes combined with efficient light outcoupling and shows the potential of DMDs to replace ITO in optoelectronic devices. This outstanding type of optoelectronic device paves the way for the future high throughput production of flexible display and photovoltaic devices.