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Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe, incurable, and costly condition leading to heart failure. The link between PD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not available, leading to controversies and poor prognosis. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has already shown promise for CVD/stroke risk stratificatio...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9033076/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35448500 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12040312 |
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author | Suri, Jasjit S. Paul, Sudip Maindarkar, Maheshrao A. Puvvula, Anudeep Saxena, Sanjay Saba, Luca Turk, Monika Laird, John R. Khanna, Narendra N. Viskovic, Klaudija Singh, Inder M. Kalra, Mannudeep Krishnan, Padukode R. Johri, Amer Paraskevas, Kosmas I. |
author_facet | Suri, Jasjit S. Paul, Sudip Maindarkar, Maheshrao A. Puvvula, Anudeep Saxena, Sanjay Saba, Luca Turk, Monika Laird, John R. Khanna, Narendra N. Viskovic, Klaudija Singh, Inder M. Kalra, Mannudeep Krishnan, Padukode R. Johri, Amer Paraskevas, Kosmas I. |
author_sort | Suri, Jasjit S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe, incurable, and costly condition leading to heart failure. The link between PD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not available, leading to controversies and poor prognosis. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has already shown promise for CVD/stroke risk stratification. However, due to a lack of sample size, comorbidity, insufficient validation, clinical examination, and a lack of big data configuration, there have been no well-explained bias-free AI investigations to establish the CVD/Stroke risk stratification in the PD framework. The study has two objectives: (i) to establish a solid link between PD and CVD/stroke; and (ii) to use the AI paradigm to examine a well-defined CVD/stroke risk stratification in the PD framework. The PRISMA search strategy selected 223 studies for CVD/stroke risk, of which 54 and 44 studies were related to the link between PD-CVD, and PD-stroke, respectively, 59 studies for joint PD-CVD-Stroke framework, and 66 studies were only for the early PD diagnosis without CVD/stroke link. Sequential biological links were used for establishing the hypothesis. For AI design, PD risk factors as covariates along with CVD/stroke as the gold standard were used for predicting the CVD/stroke risk. The most fundamental cause of CVD/stroke damage due to PD is cardiac autonomic dysfunction due to neurodegeneration that leads to heart failure and its edema, and this validated our hypothesis. Finally, we present the novel AI solutions for CVD/stroke risk prediction in the PD framework. The study also recommends strategies for removing the bias in AI for CVD/stroke risk prediction using the PD framework. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9033076 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90330762022-04-23 Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review Suri, Jasjit S. Paul, Sudip Maindarkar, Maheshrao A. Puvvula, Anudeep Saxena, Sanjay Saba, Luca Turk, Monika Laird, John R. Khanna, Narendra N. Viskovic, Klaudija Singh, Inder M. Kalra, Mannudeep Krishnan, Padukode R. Johri, Amer Paraskevas, Kosmas I. Metabolites Systematic Review Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe, incurable, and costly condition leading to heart failure. The link between PD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not available, leading to controversies and poor prognosis. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has already shown promise for CVD/stroke risk stratification. However, due to a lack of sample size, comorbidity, insufficient validation, clinical examination, and a lack of big data configuration, there have been no well-explained bias-free AI investigations to establish the CVD/Stroke risk stratification in the PD framework. The study has two objectives: (i) to establish a solid link between PD and CVD/stroke; and (ii) to use the AI paradigm to examine a well-defined CVD/stroke risk stratification in the PD framework. The PRISMA search strategy selected 223 studies for CVD/stroke risk, of which 54 and 44 studies were related to the link between PD-CVD, and PD-stroke, respectively, 59 studies for joint PD-CVD-Stroke framework, and 66 studies were only for the early PD diagnosis without CVD/stroke link. Sequential biological links were used for establishing the hypothesis. For AI design, PD risk factors as covariates along with CVD/stroke as the gold standard were used for predicting the CVD/stroke risk. The most fundamental cause of CVD/stroke damage due to PD is cardiac autonomic dysfunction due to neurodegeneration that leads to heart failure and its edema, and this validated our hypothesis. Finally, we present the novel AI solutions for CVD/stroke risk prediction in the PD framework. The study also recommends strategies for removing the bias in AI for CVD/stroke risk prediction using the PD framework. MDPI 2022-03-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9033076/ /pubmed/35448500 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12040312 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Systematic Review Suri, Jasjit S. Paul, Sudip Maindarkar, Maheshrao A. Puvvula, Anudeep Saxena, Sanjay Saba, Luca Turk, Monika Laird, John R. Khanna, Narendra N. Viskovic, Klaudija Singh, Inder M. Kalra, Mannudeep Krishnan, Padukode R. Johri, Amer Paraskevas, Kosmas I. Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
title | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
title_full | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
title_fullStr | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
title_short | Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using Atherosclerosis Pathway and Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Systematic Review |
title_sort | cardiovascular/stroke risk stratification in parkinson’s disease patients using atherosclerosis pathway and artificial intelligence paradigm: a systematic review |
topic | Systematic Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9033076/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35448500 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12040312 |
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