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MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat
Plants possess regulatory mechanisms that allow them to flower under conditions that maximize reproductive success. Selection of natural variants affecting those mechanisms has been critical in agriculture to modulate the flowering response of crops to specific environments and to increase yield. In...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9037917/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468125 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010157 |
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author | Debernardi, Juan M. Woods, Daniel P. Li, Kun Li, Chengxia Dubcovsky, Jorge |
author_facet | Debernardi, Juan M. Woods, Daniel P. Li, Kun Li, Chengxia Dubcovsky, Jorge |
author_sort | Debernardi, Juan M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Plants possess regulatory mechanisms that allow them to flower under conditions that maximize reproductive success. Selection of natural variants affecting those mechanisms has been critical in agriculture to modulate the flowering response of crops to specific environments and to increase yield. In the temperate cereals, wheat and barley, the photoperiod and vernalization pathways explain most of the natural variation in flowering time. However, other pathways also participate in fine-tuning the flowering response. In this work, we integrate the conserved microRNA miR172 and its targets APETALA2-like (AP2L) genes into the temperate grass flowering network involving VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1), VRN2 and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (FT1 = VRN3) genes. Using mutants, transgenics and different growing conditions, we show that miR172 promotes flowering in wheat, while its target genes AP2L1 (TaTOE1) and AP2L5 (Q) act as flowering repressors. Moreover, we reveal that the miR172-AP2L pathway regulates FT1 expression in the leaves, and that this regulation is independent of VRN2 and VRN1. In addition, we show that the miR172-AP2L module and flowering are both controlled by plant age through miR156 in spring cultivars. However, in winter cultivars, flowering and the regulation of AP2L1 expression are decoupled from miR156 downregulation with age, and induction of VRN1 by vernalization is required to repress AP2L1 in the leaves and promote flowering. Interestingly, the levels of miR172 and both AP2L genes modulate the flowering response to different vernalization treatments in winter cultivars. In summary, our results show that conserved and grass specific gene networks interact to modulate the flowering response, and that natural or induced mutations in AP2L genes are useful tools for fine-tuning wheat flowering time in a changing environment. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9037917 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90379172022-04-26 MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat Debernardi, Juan M. Woods, Daniel P. Li, Kun Li, Chengxia Dubcovsky, Jorge PLoS Genet Research Article Plants possess regulatory mechanisms that allow them to flower under conditions that maximize reproductive success. Selection of natural variants affecting those mechanisms has been critical in agriculture to modulate the flowering response of crops to specific environments and to increase yield. In the temperate cereals, wheat and barley, the photoperiod and vernalization pathways explain most of the natural variation in flowering time. However, other pathways also participate in fine-tuning the flowering response. In this work, we integrate the conserved microRNA miR172 and its targets APETALA2-like (AP2L) genes into the temperate grass flowering network involving VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1), VRN2 and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (FT1 = VRN3) genes. Using mutants, transgenics and different growing conditions, we show that miR172 promotes flowering in wheat, while its target genes AP2L1 (TaTOE1) and AP2L5 (Q) act as flowering repressors. Moreover, we reveal that the miR172-AP2L pathway regulates FT1 expression in the leaves, and that this regulation is independent of VRN2 and VRN1. In addition, we show that the miR172-AP2L module and flowering are both controlled by plant age through miR156 in spring cultivars. However, in winter cultivars, flowering and the regulation of AP2L1 expression are decoupled from miR156 downregulation with age, and induction of VRN1 by vernalization is required to repress AP2L1 in the leaves and promote flowering. Interestingly, the levels of miR172 and both AP2L genes modulate the flowering response to different vernalization treatments in winter cultivars. In summary, our results show that conserved and grass specific gene networks interact to modulate the flowering response, and that natural or induced mutations in AP2L genes are useful tools for fine-tuning wheat flowering time in a changing environment. Public Library of Science 2022-04-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9037917/ /pubmed/35468125 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010157 Text en © 2022 Debernardi et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Debernardi, Juan M. Woods, Daniel P. Li, Kun Li, Chengxia Dubcovsky, Jorge MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat |
title | MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat |
title_full | MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat |
title_fullStr | MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat |
title_full_unstemmed | MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat |
title_short | MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat |
title_sort | mir172-apetala2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9037917/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468125 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010157 |
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