Spatial Distribution and Determinant Factors of Handwashing Practice With Essential Agents Among Households in Ethiopia

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution and determinant factors of handwashing practice using essential handwashing agents (soap and water) among households in Ethiopia. Methods: A two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique was used. Mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was also used to identify determinants of handwashing practice with essential agents. Results: In Ethiopia, household handwashing practices with essential agents had spatial variation (Moran’s Index 0.62, p < 0.001). The Amhara and Somali regions were identified as significant hotspots with low handwashing practice using essential agents. Conclusion: In Ethiopia, handwashing practice with essential agents showed spatial variation across the country with a very low rate. Areas with low handwashing practice with essential agents need high priority in the allocation of resources to ensure communities’ access to fixed and portable handwashing facilities, soap, and reliable water supplies. Households with low access to improved sanitation facilities, low wealth status, and low educational status should be targeted for the intervention.