Pyrene-based ammonium bromides combined with g-C(3)N(4) for the synergistically enhanced fixation reaction of CO(2) and epoxides

A new type of pyrene-based ammonium bromides (PABs) was synthesized via the reaction of bromomethyl pyrene and tertiary amines with different alkyl chains combined with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C(3)N(4)) through π–π stacking interactions. The new pyrene-based ammonium bromides were investigated both in homogenous phase and heterogeneous phase combining with g-C(3)N(4) for the CO(2) fixation reaction of epoxides under mild conditions. Obviously, the combination was proved to be an efficient system for the conversion of epoxides. The interaction between g-C(3)N(4) and PABs was confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. g-C(3)N(4)/Py-C(12) exhibited an excellent yield of cyclic carbonates (above 93%) at 80 °C, atmospheric pressure and solvent-free conditions. A preliminary kinetic study was performed using g-C(3)N(4)/Py-C(12) and the activation energy was calculated to be 61.5 kJ mol(−1).