Genetic Diversity and Pathogenic Features in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Patients with Pyogenic Liver Abscess and Pneumonia

While Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, including pneumonia and pyogenic liver abscess, little is known about the population structure of this bacterium. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and molecular characteristics of K. pneumoniae isolates from carriers, pyogenic liver abscess patients, and pneumonia patients, and genomic and phenotypic assays were used to determine the differences among the isolates. A total of 232 K. pneumoniae isolates were subtyped into 74 sequence types (STs). The isolates from different sources had their own STs, and the predominant subtypes in liver abscess and pneumonia patients were ST23 and ST11, respectively. Pangenome analysis also distinguished three phylogroups that were consistent with the isolate sources. The isolates collected from liver abscess patients carried significantly more virulence factors, and those from pneumonia patients harbored significantly more resistance genes and replicons. Almost all isolate STs (93/97 [95.88%]) from liver abscesses strongly correlated with the virulence factor salmochelin, while most pneumonia isolate STs (52/53 [98.11%]) from pneumonia did not correlate with salmochelin. The isolates collected from liver abscesses showed higher virulence in the cytotoxicity and mouse models. These data provide genomic support for the proposal that isolates collected from carriers, liver abscess patients, and pneumonia patients have distinct genomic features. Isolates from the different sources are largely nonoverlapping, suggesting that different patients may be infected via different sources. Further studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of salmochelin and other virulence factors will be required. IMPORTANCE While Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, including pneumonia and pyogenic liver abscess, little is known about the population structure of this bacterium. We collected 232 isolates from carriers, pyogenic liver abscess patients, and pneumonia patients, and the isolates from different sources had their own sequence types. Pangenome analysis also distinguished three phylogroups that were consistent with the isolate sources. The isolates collected from liver abscess patients carried significantly more virulence factors, and those from pneumonia patients harbored significantly more resistance genes and replicons. Besides, there was a strong link between salmochelin and liver abscess. The isolates collected from liver abscesses also showed higher virulence in the cytotoxicity and mouse models. Isolates collected from different sources have distinct genomic features, suggesting that different patients may be infected via different sources.