A case report of Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI) as an atypical presentation of PRES in children: A case report and review of the literature

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) has a broad spectrum of clinical presentations and radiological features. Diagnosis of PRES is established based on reversible clinical manifestations and sequential neuroimaging findings. Atypical MRI features include hemorrhage, restricted diffusion or contrast enhancement of lesions, and involvement of the temporal and frontal lobes, brainstem, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and spine. Atypical PRES, with or without spinal cord involvement, is a rare presentation, especially in children. Until 2020, only five cases of PRES with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI) were reported in the pediatric population. CASE REPORT: Here, we present the youngest diagnosed case of PRES-SCI so far. According to the literature, all six cases of PRES-SCI showed high signal intensities on T2-weighted images of the brainstem and cervical cord, which had completely resolved in the follow-up MRI of the brain and spinal cord. All six patients had hypertension due to renal disease, except one girl with chemotherapy-induced hypertension. Headache, altered mental status, seizure, and visual impairment were the most common symptoms, respectively. Facial palsy was a remarkable warning sign in some patients before hospitalization. Although PRES-SCI is rare in children, since it is a reversible condition, prompt diagnosis and management can positively affect its prognosis.