Effect of different pyrolysis temperatures on physico-chemical characteristics and lead(ii) removal of biochar derived from chicken manure

Biochar derived from chicken manure, as an effective metal adsorbent, was prepared through a pyrolysis method at different pyrolytic temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C). The physicochemical characteristics of chicken manure biochar (CMB) and its lead (Pb(2+)) adsorption mechanisms were studied by batch adsorption experiments, DTA/TGA, XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR and an analysis of the composition of their mineral ash. Results showed that the best-fit for the Pb(2+) adsorption data was achieved using a Langmuir isotherm and a pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb(2+) increased with increasing of pyrolytic temperatures of the CMB, being 180.21, 200.80, 239.59, and 242.57 mg g(−1), respectively, for CMB-200, CMB-400, CMB-600 and CMB-200. Although Pb(2+) adsorption on CMB revealed that adsorption was controlled by multiple mechanisms, (e.g. surface complexation, ion exchange, surface precipitation, electrostatic attraction, physical adsorption, and co-precipitation), the ion exchange and surface precipitation played a dominant role in Pb(2+) sorption. Using CMB for the removal of Pb from water is proposed as an effective, environmentally protective, novel approach.