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What Makes Organoids Good Models of Human Neurogenesis?

Human neurogenesis occurs mainly in embryonic, fetal, and neonatal stages and generates tremendously diverse neural cell types that constitute the human nervous system. Studies on human neurogenesis have been limited due to a lack of access to human embryonic and fetal tissues. Brain organoids deriv...

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Autores principales: Yang, Qian, Hong, Yan, Zhao, Ting, Song, Hongjun, Ming, Guo-li
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9048596/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35495031
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.872794
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author Yang, Qian
Hong, Yan
Zhao, Ting
Song, Hongjun
Ming, Guo-li
author_facet Yang, Qian
Hong, Yan
Zhao, Ting
Song, Hongjun
Ming, Guo-li
author_sort Yang, Qian
collection PubMed
description Human neurogenesis occurs mainly in embryonic, fetal, and neonatal stages and generates tremendously diverse neural cell types that constitute the human nervous system. Studies on human neurogenesis have been limited due to a lack of access to human embryonic and fetal tissues. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells not only recapitulate major developmental processes during neurogenesis, but also exhibit human-specific features, thus providing an unprecedented opportunity to study human neurodevelopment. First, three-dimensional brain organoids resemble early human neurogenesis with diverse stem cell pools, including the presence of primate-enriched outer radial glia cells. Second, brain organoids recapitulate human neurogenesis at the cellular level, generating diverse neuronal cell types and forming stratified cortical layers. Third, brain organoids also capture gliogenesis with the presence of human-specific astrocytes. Fourth, combined with genome-editing technologies, brain organoids are promising models for investigating functions of human-specific genes at different stages of human neurogenesis. Finally, human organoids derived from patient iPSCs can recapitulate specific disease phenotypes, providing unique models for studying developmental brain disorders of genetic and environmental causes, and for mechanistic studies and drug screening. The aim of this review is to illustrate why brain organoids are good models to study various steps of human neurogenesis, with a focus on corticogenesis. We also discuss limitations of current brain organoid models and future improvements.
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spelling pubmed-90485962022-04-29 What Makes Organoids Good Models of Human Neurogenesis? Yang, Qian Hong, Yan Zhao, Ting Song, Hongjun Ming, Guo-li Front Neurosci Neuroscience Human neurogenesis occurs mainly in embryonic, fetal, and neonatal stages and generates tremendously diverse neural cell types that constitute the human nervous system. Studies on human neurogenesis have been limited due to a lack of access to human embryonic and fetal tissues. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells not only recapitulate major developmental processes during neurogenesis, but also exhibit human-specific features, thus providing an unprecedented opportunity to study human neurodevelopment. First, three-dimensional brain organoids resemble early human neurogenesis with diverse stem cell pools, including the presence of primate-enriched outer radial glia cells. Second, brain organoids recapitulate human neurogenesis at the cellular level, generating diverse neuronal cell types and forming stratified cortical layers. Third, brain organoids also capture gliogenesis with the presence of human-specific astrocytes. Fourth, combined with genome-editing technologies, brain organoids are promising models for investigating functions of human-specific genes at different stages of human neurogenesis. Finally, human organoids derived from patient iPSCs can recapitulate specific disease phenotypes, providing unique models for studying developmental brain disorders of genetic and environmental causes, and for mechanistic studies and drug screening. The aim of this review is to illustrate why brain organoids are good models to study various steps of human neurogenesis, with a focus on corticogenesis. We also discuss limitations of current brain organoid models and future improvements. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-04-14 /pmc/articles/PMC9048596/ /pubmed/35495031 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.872794 Text en Copyright © 2022 Yang, Hong, Zhao, Song and Ming. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Yang, Qian
Hong, Yan
Zhao, Ting
Song, Hongjun
Ming, Guo-li
What Makes Organoids Good Models of Human Neurogenesis?
title What Makes Organoids Good Models of Human Neurogenesis?
title_full What Makes Organoids Good Models of Human Neurogenesis?
title_fullStr What Makes Organoids Good Models of Human Neurogenesis?
title_full_unstemmed What Makes Organoids Good Models of Human Neurogenesis?
title_short What Makes Organoids Good Models of Human Neurogenesis?
title_sort what makes organoids good models of human neurogenesis?
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9048596/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35495031
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.872794
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