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Synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated Ni/Mn/Na(2)SiO(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
The deterioration of the environment due to anthropogenic disturbances has become a major concern to scientists and engineers. This study responds to the concern by developing a novel nanomagnetic carbonaceous solid acid catalyst using empty fruit bunches (EFBs) as a precursor. The EFB was sulphonat...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Royal Society of Chemistry
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9049226/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35497451 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08115a |
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author | Ibrahim, Naeemah A. Rashid, Umer Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi |
author_facet | Ibrahim, Naeemah A. Rashid, Umer Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi |
author_sort | Ibrahim, Naeemah A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The deterioration of the environment due to anthropogenic disturbances has become a major concern to scientists and engineers. This study responds to the concern by developing a novel nanomagnetic carbonaceous solid acid catalyst using empty fruit bunches (EFBs) as a precursor. The EFB was sulphonated to obtain acidic EFBs (AEFBs). The impregnation method was performed to incorporate metal oxides, namely, NiO, MnO and Na(2)SiO(3), on the AEFBs. This process resulted in three nanomagnetic catalysts, namely, Na(2)SiO(3)–NiO–MnO/AC, NiO–MnO/AC and NiO/AC. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the crystal size of the NiO/AC, NiO–MnO/AC and Na(2)SiO(3)–NiO–MnO/AC catalysts were 13.87, 28.38 and 39.64 nm, respectively, whereas their Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas were 23.78, 12.69 and 16.8 m(2) g(−1), respectively. To confirm the incorporation of active metallic species (Ni, Mn, Na and SiO) into the carbon surface, we performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. TPD-NH(3) absorption showed that the Na(2)SiO(3)–Ni–MnO/AC catalysts substantially increased in the active sites and exhibited higher acidity. FESEM images showed the morphology of the surface, pore sizes and agglomeration of the catalysts. Moreover, the vibrating sample magnetometer depicted that the Na(2)SiO(3)–Ni–MnO/AC catalyst was ferrimagnetic with magnetisation and magnetic saturation values of 40.27 and 86.04 emu g(−1), respectively. The optimal reaction conditions were as follows: PFAD/methanol ratio of 16 : 1, 2 wt% mass of the catalyst, temperature of 120 °C and time of 4 h. Using the synthesised nanomagnetic catalyst exhibited 96% conversion of PFAD to methyl esters. Furthermore, the Na(2)SiO(3)–Ni–MnO/AC catalyst was easily separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnet and was recycled six times. The modified nanomagnetic catalyst could be an efficient catalyst for discarded feedstocks for biodiesel production. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9049226 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | The Royal Society of Chemistry |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90492262022-04-29 Synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated Ni/Mn/Na(2)SiO(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate Ibrahim, Naeemah A. Rashid, Umer Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi RSC Adv Chemistry The deterioration of the environment due to anthropogenic disturbances has become a major concern to scientists and engineers. This study responds to the concern by developing a novel nanomagnetic carbonaceous solid acid catalyst using empty fruit bunches (EFBs) as a precursor. The EFB was sulphonated to obtain acidic EFBs (AEFBs). The impregnation method was performed to incorporate metal oxides, namely, NiO, MnO and Na(2)SiO(3), on the AEFBs. This process resulted in three nanomagnetic catalysts, namely, Na(2)SiO(3)–NiO–MnO/AC, NiO–MnO/AC and NiO/AC. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the crystal size of the NiO/AC, NiO–MnO/AC and Na(2)SiO(3)–NiO–MnO/AC catalysts were 13.87, 28.38 and 39.64 nm, respectively, whereas their Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas were 23.78, 12.69 and 16.8 m(2) g(−1), respectively. To confirm the incorporation of active metallic species (Ni, Mn, Na and SiO) into the carbon surface, we performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. TPD-NH(3) absorption showed that the Na(2)SiO(3)–Ni–MnO/AC catalysts substantially increased in the active sites and exhibited higher acidity. FESEM images showed the morphology of the surface, pore sizes and agglomeration of the catalysts. Moreover, the vibrating sample magnetometer depicted that the Na(2)SiO(3)–Ni–MnO/AC catalyst was ferrimagnetic with magnetisation and magnetic saturation values of 40.27 and 86.04 emu g(−1), respectively. The optimal reaction conditions were as follows: PFAD/methanol ratio of 16 : 1, 2 wt% mass of the catalyst, temperature of 120 °C and time of 4 h. Using the synthesised nanomagnetic catalyst exhibited 96% conversion of PFAD to methyl esters. Furthermore, the Na(2)SiO(3)–Ni–MnO/AC catalyst was easily separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnet and was recycled six times. The modified nanomagnetic catalyst could be an efficient catalyst for discarded feedstocks for biodiesel production. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020-02-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9049226/ /pubmed/35497451 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08115a Text en This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
spellingShingle | Chemistry Ibrahim, Naeemah A. Rashid, Umer Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi Synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated Ni/Mn/Na(2)SiO(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate |
title | Synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated Ni/Mn/Na(2)SiO(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate |
title_full | Synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated Ni/Mn/Na(2)SiO(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate |
title_fullStr | Synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated Ni/Mn/Na(2)SiO(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate |
title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated Ni/Mn/Na(2)SiO(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate |
title_short | Synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated Ni/Mn/Na(2)SiO(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate |
title_sort | synthesis of nanomagnetic sulphonated impregnated ni/mn/na(2)sio(3) as catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate |
topic | Chemistry |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9049226/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35497451 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08115a |
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