Cargando…
The impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Antibiotics released into agricultural fields through the manure of grazing animals could exert harmful impacts on soil microbes and plants. Antibiotics exert high impacts on environment than other pharmaceuticals due to their higher biological activity. However, little is known about their impacts...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2022
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9049535/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35482796 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264476 |
_version_ | 1784696159552405504 |
---|---|
author | Saleem, Ammara Zulfiqar, Asma Arshed, Muhammad Zeeshan Hussain, Saber Khan, Muhammad Tajammal Zivcak, Marek Zuan, Ali Tan Kee Alshahrani, Shrouq M. Alarjani, Khaloud Mohammed |
author_facet | Saleem, Ammara Zulfiqar, Asma Arshed, Muhammad Zeeshan Hussain, Saber Khan, Muhammad Tajammal Zivcak, Marek Zuan, Ali Tan Kee Alshahrani, Shrouq M. Alarjani, Khaloud Mohammed |
author_sort | Saleem, Ammara |
collection | PubMed |
description | Antibiotics released into agricultural fields through the manure of grazing animals could exert harmful impacts on soil microbes and plants. Antibiotics exert high impacts on environment than other pharmaceuticals due to their higher biological activity. However, little is known about their impacts on plants, despite indications that antibiotics exert negative effects on soil microorganisms, which ultimately harm the plants. It has been demonstrated that beneficial microorganisms promote plant growth and development under various stresses. This study evaluated the toxicity of four newly derived sulfonamides (SAs), i.e., 2-(phenylsulfonyl) hydrazine carbothioamide (TSBS-1), N, 2-bis phenyl hydrazine carbothioamide (TSBS-2), aminocarbonyl benzene sulfonamide (UBS-1), and N, N’-carbonyl dibenzene sulfonamide (UBS-2) on bacterial growth and soil microbial respiration. Each SA was tested at four different concentrations (i.e., 2.25, 2.5, 3, 4 mg/ml) against five rhizospheric bacterial strains, including AC (Actinobacteria sp.), RS-3a (Bacillus sp.), RS-7a (Bacillus subtilis), RS-4a (Enterobacter sp.), and RS-5a (Enterobacter sp.). Antimicrobial activity was checked by disc diffusion method, which showed that inhibition zone increased with increasing concentration of SAs. The UBS-1 resulted in the highest inhibition zone (11.47 ± 0.90 mm) against RS-4a with the highest concentration (4 mg/ml). Except TSBS-1, all sulfonamide derivatives reduced CO(2) respiration rates in soil. Soil respiration values significantly increased till 6(th) day; however, exposure of sulfonamide derivatives suppressed microbial respiration after 6(th) day. On the 20(th) day, poor respiration activity was noted at 0.23, 0.2, and 0.4 (CO(2) mg/g dry soil) for TSBS-1, UBS-1, and UBS-2, respectively. Our results demonstrate that sulfonamides, even in small concentrations, significantly affect soil microbial population and respiration. Soil microbial respiration changes mediated by sulfonamides were dependent on length of exposure and concentration. It is recommended that antibiotics should be carefully watched and their impact on plant growth should be tested in the future studies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9049535 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90495352022-04-29 The impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Saleem, Ammara Zulfiqar, Asma Arshed, Muhammad Zeeshan Hussain, Saber Khan, Muhammad Tajammal Zivcak, Marek Zuan, Ali Tan Kee Alshahrani, Shrouq M. Alarjani, Khaloud Mohammed PLoS One Research Article Antibiotics released into agricultural fields through the manure of grazing animals could exert harmful impacts on soil microbes and plants. Antibiotics exert high impacts on environment than other pharmaceuticals due to their higher biological activity. However, little is known about their impacts on plants, despite indications that antibiotics exert negative effects on soil microorganisms, which ultimately harm the plants. It has been demonstrated that beneficial microorganisms promote plant growth and development under various stresses. This study evaluated the toxicity of four newly derived sulfonamides (SAs), i.e., 2-(phenylsulfonyl) hydrazine carbothioamide (TSBS-1), N, 2-bis phenyl hydrazine carbothioamide (TSBS-2), aminocarbonyl benzene sulfonamide (UBS-1), and N, N’-carbonyl dibenzene sulfonamide (UBS-2) on bacterial growth and soil microbial respiration. Each SA was tested at four different concentrations (i.e., 2.25, 2.5, 3, 4 mg/ml) against five rhizospheric bacterial strains, including AC (Actinobacteria sp.), RS-3a (Bacillus sp.), RS-7a (Bacillus subtilis), RS-4a (Enterobacter sp.), and RS-5a (Enterobacter sp.). Antimicrobial activity was checked by disc diffusion method, which showed that inhibition zone increased with increasing concentration of SAs. The UBS-1 resulted in the highest inhibition zone (11.47 ± 0.90 mm) against RS-4a with the highest concentration (4 mg/ml). Except TSBS-1, all sulfonamide derivatives reduced CO(2) respiration rates in soil. Soil respiration values significantly increased till 6(th) day; however, exposure of sulfonamide derivatives suppressed microbial respiration after 6(th) day. On the 20(th) day, poor respiration activity was noted at 0.23, 0.2, and 0.4 (CO(2) mg/g dry soil) for TSBS-1, UBS-1, and UBS-2, respectively. Our results demonstrate that sulfonamides, even in small concentrations, significantly affect soil microbial population and respiration. Soil microbial respiration changes mediated by sulfonamides were dependent on length of exposure and concentration. It is recommended that antibiotics should be carefully watched and their impact on plant growth should be tested in the future studies. Public Library of Science 2022-04-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9049535/ /pubmed/35482796 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264476 Text en © 2022 Saleem et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Saleem, Ammara Zulfiqar, Asma Arshed, Muhammad Zeeshan Hussain, Saber Khan, Muhammad Tajammal Zivcak, Marek Zuan, Ali Tan Kee Alshahrani, Shrouq M. Alarjani, Khaloud Mohammed The impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title | The impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_full | The impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_fullStr | The impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_full_unstemmed | The impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_short | The impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_sort | impact of newly synthesized sulfonamides on soil microbial population and respiration in rhizospheric soil of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9049535/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35482796 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264476 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT saleemammara theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT zulfiqarasma theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT arshedmuhammadzeeshan theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT hussainsaber theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT khanmuhammadtajammal theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT zivcakmarek theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT zuanalitankee theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT alshahranishrouqm theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT alarjanikhaloudmohammed theimpactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT saleemammara impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT zulfiqarasma impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT arshedmuhammadzeeshan impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT hussainsaber impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT khanmuhammadtajammal impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT zivcakmarek impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT zuanalitankee impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT alshahranishrouqm impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml AT alarjanikhaloudmohammed impactofnewlysynthesizedsulfonamidesonsoilmicrobialpopulationandrespirationinrhizosphericsoilofwheattriticumaestivuml |