Multi-step hydration/dehydration mechanisms of rhombohedral Y(2)(SO(4))(3): a candidate material for low-temperature thermochemical heat storage

To evaluate rhombohedral Y(2)(SO(4))(3) as a new potential material for low-temperature thermochemical energy storage, its thermal behavior, phase changes, and hydration/dehydration reaction mechanisms are investigated. Rhombohedral Y(2)(SO(4))(3) exhibits reversible hydration/dehydration below 130 °C with relatively small thermal hysteresis (less than 50 °C). The reactions proceed via two reaction steps in approximately 0.02 atm of water vapor pressure, i.e. “high-temperature reaction” at 80–130 °C and “low-temperature reaction” at 30–100 °C. The high-temperature reaction proceeds by water insertion into the rhombohedral Y(2)(SO(4))(3) host structure to form rhombohedral Y(2)(SO(4))(3)·xH(2)O (x = ∼1). For the low-temperature reaction, rhombohedral Y(2)(SO(4))(3)·xH(2)O accommodates additional water molecules (x > 1) and is eventually hydrated to Y(2)(SO(4))(3)·8H(2)O (monoclinic) with changes in the host structure. At a water vapor pressure above 0.08 atm, intermediate Y(2)(SO(4))(3)·3H(2)O appears. A phase stability diagram of the hydrates is constructed and the potential usage of Y(2)(SO(4))(3) for thermal energy upgrades is assessed. The high-temperature reaction may act similarly to an existing candidate, CaSO(4)·0.5H(2)O, in terms of reaction temperature and water vapor pressure. Additionally, the hydration of rhombohedral Y(2)(SO(4))(3)·xH(2)O to Y(2)(SO(4))(3)·3H(2)O should exhibit a larger heat storage capacity. With respect to the reaction kinetics, the initial dehydration of Y(2)(SO(4))(3)·8H(2)O to rhombohedral Y(2)(SO(4))(3) introduces a microstructure with pores on the micron order, which might enhance the reaction rate.