Nanostructured manganese oxides electrode with ultra-long lifetime for electrochemical capacitors

We describe the instantaneous fabrication of a highly porous three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured manganese oxides-reduced graphitic oxide (MnO(x)-rGO) electrode by using a pulse-photonic processing technique. Such nanostructures facilitate the movement of ions/electrons and offer an extremely high surface area for the electrode/electrolyte interaction. The electrochemical performance was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with 1 M KOH as the electrolyte. The as-prepared thin film electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and an ultra-long lifetime by retaining 90% of the initial capacitance even after 100 000 GCD cycles at constant areal current density of 0.4 mA cm(−2). We attribute this excellent lifetime performance to the conductive reduced graphitic oxide, synergistic effects of carbon composite and the metal oxides, and the unique porous nanostructure. Such highly porous morphology also enhances the structural stability of the electrode by buffering the volume changes during the redox processes.