A new Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex as an efficient photosensitizer for enhancing the visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of a TiO(2)/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for the degradation of atrazine: DFT and mechanism insights

TiO(2) is one of the most widely used semiconductors for photocatalytic reactions. However, its wide bandgap energy and fast charge recombination limit its catalytic activity. Thus, herein, a new Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex, [Ruii(tptz)(CH(3)CN)Cl(2)] (tptz = 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine), was synthesized and used as a visible-light photosensitizer dye for improving the light harvesting and quantum efficiency of TiO(2). Accordingly, a well-designed nanostructured photocatalyst was proposed using mesoporous TiO(2) nanocrystals coupled with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and the polypyridyl Ru(ii) complex, which was tested for the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine (ATZ) as a model of emerging water contaminants. Specifically, the Ru complex (Ru-CMP) served as an electron donor, while rGO acted as an electron acceptor, and the synergistic effect between them promoted the separation of electron–hole pairs and suppressed the charge recombination in the hybridized species. Structural analysis indicated that the TiO(2) nanoparticles with an anatase crystal structure had a mesoporous texture and were homogeneously coated on the rGO sheets. The detailed FT-IR, Raman, XPS and UV-vis absorption spectroscopic analyses combined with EDS mapping clearly confirmed the successful loading of the Ru complex onto the catalyst. The PL and EIS results revealed that the addition of the Ru-CMP photosensitizer enhanced the charge separation and transport. The gas-phase geometry and energies of the molecular orbitals of the Ru complex were evaluated via DFT calculations. The results from the DFT calculations were consistent with the experimental results. Compared to pure TiO(2), the as-synthesized Ru-CMP-TiO(2)/rGO hybrid exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of ATZ. The rate of ATZ degradation in the developed photocatalytic process with the Ru-CMP-TiO(2)/rGO hybrid was 9 times that with commercial TiO(2). The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the prepared catalyst can be attributed to its better light harvesting and efficient electron transportation due to its more suitable LUMO position than the conduction band of TiO(2). Moreover, the excellent conductivity and adsorption capacity of graphene contributed to the increase in photocatalytic activity. Thus, these features make the Ru-CMP-TiO(2)/rGO hybrid nanomaterial an excellent candidate for the photocatalytic purification of contaminated water.