Photocatalytic partial oxidation of methanol to methyl formate under visible light irradiation on Bi-doped TiO(2)via tuning band structure and surface hydroxyls

Preparing visible light responsive catalysts for partial oxidation of methanol to methyl formate is a challenging issue. This work addresses the synthesis, characterization and theoretical calculation of Bi doped TiO(2) catalysts as well as their photocatalytic performance and reaction mechanism for MF synthesis from methanol. The catalysts were prepared by a simple wet chemical method. The results of the characterization and theoretical calculation evidenced that bismuth was intercalated in the lattice of anatase by the substitution of titanium. Impurity levels were formed in the valence band, conduction band and between the two bands. The Bi 6s and 5p orbitals contributed to the formation of the impurity levels. The photo-excited electrons transited from the valence band via impurity levels, formed by Bi 6s orbitals, to the conduction band. The doping of Bi enhanced surface hydroxyls, reduced the band gaps and raised the valence band edges (VBE) of the Bi doped catalyst. The Bi doped catalysts were visible light responsive due to the reduced band gap. The surface hydroxyls were beneficial to the methanol conversion, and the rise of the VBE enhanced the redox potential of the photogenerated holes. Only moderate redox potentials and sufficient surface hydroxyls could lead to high methanol conversion and MF selectivity. This study is of great significance to the development of the photocatalytic synthesis theory and provides a green route for MF synthesis from methanol.