Probing the stoichiometry dependent catalytic activity of nickel selenide counter electrodes in the redox reaction of iodide/triiodide electrolyte in dye sensitized solar cells

Nickel selenide (Ni(x)Se(y)) systems have received much attention in recent years as potential low cost counter electrodes (CEs) in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Their electrocatalytic activities are comparable to that of the conventional platinum CE. Despite their achievements, the effect of stoichiometry on their catalytic performance as CEs in DSSCs still remains unclear, hence the motivation for this work. Different stoichiometries of Ni(x)Se(y) were synthesized via a colloidal method in oleylamine or oleylamine/oleic acid mixture at the appropriate synthetic temperature and Ni to Se precursor ratio. X-ray diffraction revealed that different stoichiometries of nickel selenide were formed namely, NiSe(2), Ni(3)Se(4), Ni(0.85)Se, NiSe and Ni(3)Se(2). Scanning electron microscopy showed that all the stoichiometries had predominantly spherical-like morphologies. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis and the photovoltaic performances of the DSSCs fabricated using the different Ni(x)Se(y) CEs revealed that selenium rich stoichiometries performed better than the nickel rich ones. Consequently, the catalytic activity towards the redox reaction of the triiodide/iodide electrolyte and hence the power conversion efficiency (PCE) followed the order of NiSe(2) > Ni(3)Se(4) > Ni(0.85)Se > NiSe > Ni(3)Se(2) with PCE values of 3.31%, 3.25%, 3.17%, 2.35% and 1.52% respectively under ambient conditions.