Vitamin B₁₂ reduces the negative effects of nicotine on fetal bone development in the rats

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this experimental rat study was to investigate the effectiveness of vitamin B(12) (Vit-B(12)) against the teratogenic effects of nicotine use during pregnancy in the fetus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen Wistar-Albino pregnant rats were divided into six groups (n=3, each) as Group 1 (control), Group 2 (Vit-B(12)), Group 3 (nicotine 3 mg/kg/day), Group 4 (nicotine 3 mg/kg/day + Vit-B(12)), Group 5 (nicotine 6 mg/kg/day) and Group 6 (nicotine 6 mg/kg/day + Vit-B(12)). Nicotine was administered subcutaneously and Vit-B(12) was administered intraperitoneally for 20 days. The skeletal systems of the embryos were stained using the double-staining method. The total bone length (TBL), the length of the ossified part, and the ossification rate were calculated using the ImageJ program. In addition, the weight and crown-rump length (CRL) of the embryos were measured and recorded. RESULTS: Clinical shock effect was observed in all rats administered nicotine. A significant decrease in weight, CRL, and TBL was measured in Group 3 (p=0.0081) and, particularly in Group 5 (p=0.026), which were given only nicotine, compared to other groups. In the morphometric measurements of Group 4 and Group 6 to which Vit-B(12) was added, values close to the control group were measured (p=0.173). The data of Group 6 were statistically significantly larger than Group 5 (p=0.007), while it was statistically smaller than Group 1 (p=0.0038). CONCLUSION: Nicotine use negatively affects the morphological development of the embryo. On the other hand, Vit-B(12) provides benefits in reducing these negative effects.