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Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array

Myelinated fibers are specialized neurological structures used for conducting action potentials quickly and reliably, thus assisting neural functions. Although demyelination leads to serious functional impairments, little is known the relationship between myelin structural change and increase in con...

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Autores principales: Shimba, Kenta, Asahina, Takahiro, Sakai, Koji, Kotani, Kiyoshi, Jimbo, Yasuhiko
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9058065/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35509449
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.854637
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author Shimba, Kenta
Asahina, Takahiro
Sakai, Koji
Kotani, Kiyoshi
Jimbo, Yasuhiko
author_facet Shimba, Kenta
Asahina, Takahiro
Sakai, Koji
Kotani, Kiyoshi
Jimbo, Yasuhiko
author_sort Shimba, Kenta
collection PubMed
description Myelinated fibers are specialized neurological structures used for conducting action potentials quickly and reliably, thus assisting neural functions. Although demyelination leads to serious functional impairments, little is known the relationship between myelin structural change and increase in conduction velocity during myelination and demyelination processes. There are no appropriate methods for the long-term evaluation of spatial characteristics of saltatory conduction along myelinated axons. Herein, we aimed to detect saltatory conduction from the peripheral nervous system neurons using a high-density microelectrode array. Rat sensory neurons and intrinsic Schwann cells were cultured. Immunofluorescence and ultrastructure examination showed that the myelinating Schwann cells appeared at 1 month, and compact myelin was formed by 10 weeks in vitro. Activity of rat sensory neurons was evoked with optogenetic stimulation, and axon conduction was detected with high-density microelectrode arrays. Some conductions included high-speed segments with low signal amplitude. The same segment could be detected with electrical recording and immunofluorescent imaging for a myelin-related protein. The spatiotemporal analysis showed that some segments show a velocity of more than 2 m/s and that ends of the segments show a higher electrical sink, suggesting that saltatory conduction occurred in myelinated axons. Moreover, mathematical modeling supported that the recorded signal was in the appropriate range for axon and electrode sizes. Overall, our method could be a feasible tool for evaluating spatial characteristics of axon conduction including saltatory conduction, which is applicable for studying demyelination and remyelination.
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spelling pubmed-90580652022-05-03 Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array Shimba, Kenta Asahina, Takahiro Sakai, Koji Kotani, Kiyoshi Jimbo, Yasuhiko Front Neurosci Neuroscience Myelinated fibers are specialized neurological structures used for conducting action potentials quickly and reliably, thus assisting neural functions. Although demyelination leads to serious functional impairments, little is known the relationship between myelin structural change and increase in conduction velocity during myelination and demyelination processes. There are no appropriate methods for the long-term evaluation of spatial characteristics of saltatory conduction along myelinated axons. Herein, we aimed to detect saltatory conduction from the peripheral nervous system neurons using a high-density microelectrode array. Rat sensory neurons and intrinsic Schwann cells were cultured. Immunofluorescence and ultrastructure examination showed that the myelinating Schwann cells appeared at 1 month, and compact myelin was formed by 10 weeks in vitro. Activity of rat sensory neurons was evoked with optogenetic stimulation, and axon conduction was detected with high-density microelectrode arrays. Some conductions included high-speed segments with low signal amplitude. The same segment could be detected with electrical recording and immunofluorescent imaging for a myelin-related protein. The spatiotemporal analysis showed that some segments show a velocity of more than 2 m/s and that ends of the segments show a higher electrical sink, suggesting that saltatory conduction occurred in myelinated axons. Moreover, mathematical modeling supported that the recorded signal was in the appropriate range for axon and electrode sizes. Overall, our method could be a feasible tool for evaluating spatial characteristics of axon conduction including saltatory conduction, which is applicable for studying demyelination and remyelination. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-04-18 /pmc/articles/PMC9058065/ /pubmed/35509449 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.854637 Text en Copyright © 2022 Shimba, Asahina, Sakai, Kotani and Jimbo. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Shimba, Kenta
Asahina, Takahiro
Sakai, Koji
Kotani, Kiyoshi
Jimbo, Yasuhiko
Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array
title Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array
title_full Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array
title_fullStr Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array
title_full_unstemmed Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array
title_short Recording Saltatory Conduction Along Sensory Axons Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array
title_sort recording saltatory conduction along sensory axons using a high-density microelectrode array
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9058065/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35509449
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.854637
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