Catalytic synthesis of chloroacetates with thermoregulated ionic liquids based on vanadium-substituted polyoxometalate

A series of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquid (POM-IL) catalysts with functional sulfonic acid groups, [TEAPS](3+n)PW(12−n)V(n)O(40) (n = 1, 2, 3) were synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV), potentiometric titration and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The catalytic ability and reusability of the POM-IL catalysts were evaluated on esterification of chloroacetic acid and n-amyl alcohol. The optimum reaction conditions, 0.2 g of the catalyst amount, 10 mL of water carrier, 140 °C of reaction temperature, and 1.2/1 of the molar ratio of alcohol/acid, were obtained by an orthogonal test. [TEAPS](5)PW(10)V(2)O(40) was found to be the best active catalyst with an esterification rate of 98.75% and could be reused five times without significant decrease in activity. The ionic liquid acted as a temperature-responsive catalyst, forming a homogeneous mixture with the reactants at reaction temperature, and could be precipitated and separated from products when the reaction ends at ambient temperature. Therefore, an environmentally friendly and highly efficient approach for the synthesis of chloroacetates is provided.