Role of metal and anions in organo-metal halide perovskites CH(3)NH(3)MX(3) (M: Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Pb; X: Cl, Br, I) on structural and optoelectronic properties for photovoltaic applications

Methylammonium metal halide perovskites have recently been explored for new uses due to their unique and exciting optoelectronic properties. Their exceptional electronic properties have often been attributed to the overlap between the metal cation s and halogen p states. In this study, density functional theory calculations have been carried out based on the orthorhombic phase of the organometal trihalide perovskite CH(3)NH(3)MX(3) (M: Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Pb; X: Cl, Br, I) to systematically investigate the effects of the metal cation and halogen anion on the structural, electronic, and optical properties for solar cell applications. The calculated lattice parameters agree well with previously obtained experimental and theoretical results. All of these perovskites are direct band gap compounds at the G symmetry point, except CH(3)NH(3)GaX(3). The band gap increases from iodide to chloride and also with the metal cation size, from Ge to Pb or Cu to Zn. Furthermore, metal halide perovskites show blue shifts in their optical absorption spectra with an increase in metal cation size. Among the studied examples, CH(3)NH(3)GaBr(3) and CH(3)NH(3)CuCl(3) absorb a wide range of light, from UV to the visible region, and possess very unusual high dielectric constants and refractive indices. Our calculations reveal that CH(3)NH(3)SnI(3), CH(3)NH(3)GeI(3), and CH(3)NH(3)ZnI(3) are favorable candidates for lead-free photovoltaic applications.