Effect of calcination temperature, pH and catalyst loading on photodegradation efficiency of urea derived graphitic carbon nitride towards methylene blue dye solution

In this study, the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was performed using urea based graphitic carbon nitride (g-C(3)N(4)). Interestingly, it has been observed that the calcination temperature for the synthesis of g-C(3)N(4) along with factors (pH and catalyst loading) influencing the photodegradation process, can make an impactful improvement in its photodegradation activity towards MB dye solution. The concept behind the comparatively improved photoactivity of g-C(3)N(4) prepared at 550 °C was explored using various characterisation techniques like XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET and DRS. The FTIR and XRD patterns demonstrated that synthesis of g-C(3)N(4) took place properly only when the calcination temperature was above 450 °C. The evolution of morphological and optical properties based on calcination temperature led to dramatically increased BET surface area and a decreased optical band gap value of g-C(3)N(4) prepared at 550 °C. The effects of pH conditions and catalyst concentration on the MB dye degradation rate using optimally synthesised g-C(3)N(4) are discussed. The value of the apparent rate constant was found to be 12 times more in the case of photodegradation of the MB dye using g-C(3)N(4) prepared at 550 °C at optimum pH and catalyst loading conditions when compared with g-C(3)N(4) prepared at 450 °C showing the lowest photoactivity potential. Further, high stability of the photocatalyst was observed for four cyclic runs of the photocatalytic reaction. Hence, g-C(3)N(4) can be considered as a potential candidate for methylene blue photodegradation.