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Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity
BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular zoonotic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, which could be lethal in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to synthesize Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (NeO-SLNs) and to evaluate the anti-Toxoplasma activity of this component. METH...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9066750/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35509076 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03607-z |
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author | Nemati, Sara Mohammad Rahimi, Hanieh Hesari, Zahra Sharifdini, Meysam Jalilzadeh Aghdam, Nooshin Mirjalali, Hamed Zali, Mohammad Reza |
author_facet | Nemati, Sara Mohammad Rahimi, Hanieh Hesari, Zahra Sharifdini, Meysam Jalilzadeh Aghdam, Nooshin Mirjalali, Hamed Zali, Mohammad Reza |
author_sort | Nemati, Sara |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular zoonotic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, which could be lethal in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to synthesize Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (NeO-SLNs) and to evaluate the anti-Toxoplasma activity of this component. METHODS: The NeO-SLNs were constructed using double emulsification method, and their shape and size distribution were evaluated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. An MTT assay was employed to evaluate the cell toxicity of the component. The anti-Toxoplasma activity of NeO-SLNs was investigated using vital (trypan-blue) staining. Anti-intracellular Toxoplasma activity of NeO-SLNs was evaluated in T. gondii-infected Vero cells. RESULTS: The TEM analysis represented round shape NeO-SLNs with clear and stable margins. DLS analysis showed a mean particle size 337.6 nm for SLNs, and most of nanoparticles were in range 30 to 120 nm. The cell toxicity of NeO-SLNs was directly correlated with the concentration of the component (P-value = 0.0013). The concentration of NeO-SLNs, which was toxic for at least 50% of alive T. gondii (cytotoxic concentration (CC(50))), was > 10 mg/mL. The ability of NeO-SLNs to kill Toxoplasma was concentration-dependent (P-value < 0.0001), and all concentrations killed at least 70% of alive tachyzoites. Furthermore, the viability of T. gondii- infected Vero cells was inversely correlated with NeO-SLNs concentrations (P-value = 0.0317), and in the concentration 100 μg/mL at least 75% of T. gondii- infected Vero cells remained alive. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings demonstrated that the NeO-SLNs was able to kill T. gondii tachyzoites in concentration 100 μg/mL with a cell toxicity lower than 20%. Such results suggest that employing SLNs as carrier for NeO can effectively kill T. gondii tachyzoites with acceptable cell toxicity. Our findings also showed that SLNs capsulation of the NeO can lead to prolonged release of the extract, suggesting that NeO-SLNs could be also employed to clear cyst stages, which should be further investigated in animal models. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9066750 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90667502022-05-04 Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity Nemati, Sara Mohammad Rahimi, Hanieh Hesari, Zahra Sharifdini, Meysam Jalilzadeh Aghdam, Nooshin Mirjalali, Hamed Zali, Mohammad Reza BMC Complement Med Ther Research BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular zoonotic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, which could be lethal in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to synthesize Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (NeO-SLNs) and to evaluate the anti-Toxoplasma activity of this component. METHODS: The NeO-SLNs were constructed using double emulsification method, and their shape and size distribution were evaluated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. An MTT assay was employed to evaluate the cell toxicity of the component. The anti-Toxoplasma activity of NeO-SLNs was investigated using vital (trypan-blue) staining. Anti-intracellular Toxoplasma activity of NeO-SLNs was evaluated in T. gondii-infected Vero cells. RESULTS: The TEM analysis represented round shape NeO-SLNs with clear and stable margins. DLS analysis showed a mean particle size 337.6 nm for SLNs, and most of nanoparticles were in range 30 to 120 nm. The cell toxicity of NeO-SLNs was directly correlated with the concentration of the component (P-value = 0.0013). The concentration of NeO-SLNs, which was toxic for at least 50% of alive T. gondii (cytotoxic concentration (CC(50))), was > 10 mg/mL. The ability of NeO-SLNs to kill Toxoplasma was concentration-dependent (P-value < 0.0001), and all concentrations killed at least 70% of alive tachyzoites. Furthermore, the viability of T. gondii- infected Vero cells was inversely correlated with NeO-SLNs concentrations (P-value = 0.0317), and in the concentration 100 μg/mL at least 75% of T. gondii- infected Vero cells remained alive. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings demonstrated that the NeO-SLNs was able to kill T. gondii tachyzoites in concentration 100 μg/mL with a cell toxicity lower than 20%. Such results suggest that employing SLNs as carrier for NeO can effectively kill T. gondii tachyzoites with acceptable cell toxicity. Our findings also showed that SLNs capsulation of the NeO can lead to prolonged release of the extract, suggesting that NeO-SLNs could be also employed to clear cyst stages, which should be further investigated in animal models. BioMed Central 2022-05-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9066750/ /pubmed/35509076 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03607-z Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Nemati, Sara Mohammad Rahimi, Hanieh Hesari, Zahra Sharifdini, Meysam Jalilzadeh Aghdam, Nooshin Mirjalali, Hamed Zali, Mohammad Reza Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity |
title | Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity |
title_full | Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity |
title_fullStr | Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity |
title_full_unstemmed | Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity |
title_short | Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity |
title_sort | formulation of neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-toxoplasma activity |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9066750/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35509076 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03607-z |
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