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Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities
The global malaria burden sometimes obscures that the genus Plasmodium comprises diverse clades with lineages that independently gave origin to the extant human parasites. Indeed, the differences between the human malaria parasites were highlighted in the classical taxonomy by dividing them into two...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9066883/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35505356 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04130-9 |
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author | Escalante, Ananias A. Cepeda, Axl S. Pacheco, M. Andreína |
author_facet | Escalante, Ananias A. Cepeda, Axl S. Pacheco, M. Andreína |
author_sort | Escalante, Ananias A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The global malaria burden sometimes obscures that the genus Plasmodium comprises diverse clades with lineages that independently gave origin to the extant human parasites. Indeed, the differences between the human malaria parasites were highlighted in the classical taxonomy by dividing them into two subgenera, the subgenus Plasmodium, which included all the human parasites but Plasmodium falciparum that was placed in its separate subgenus, Laverania. Here, the evolution of Plasmodium in primates will be discussed in terms of their species diversity and some of their distinct phenotypes, putative molecular adaptations, and host–parasite biocenosis. Thus, in addition to a current phylogeny using genome-level data, some specific molecular features will be discussed as examples of how these parasites have diverged. The two subgenera of malaria parasites found in primates, Plasmodium and Laverania, reflect extant monophyletic groups that originated in Africa. However, the subgenus Plasmodium involves species in Southeast Asia that were likely the result of adaptive radiation. Such events led to the Plasmodium vivax lineage. Although the Laverania species, including P. falciparum, has been considered to share “avian characteristics,” molecular traits that were likely in the common ancestor of primate and avian parasites are sometimes kept in the Plasmodium subgenus while being lost in Laverania. Assessing how molecular traits in the primate malaria clades originated is a fundamental science problem that will likely provide new targets for interventions. However, given that the genus Plasmodium is paraphyletic (some descendant groups are in other genera), understanding the evolution of malaria parasites will benefit from studying “non-Plasmodium” Haemosporida. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9066883 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90668832022-05-04 Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities Escalante, Ananias A. Cepeda, Axl S. Pacheco, M. Andreína Malar J Review The global malaria burden sometimes obscures that the genus Plasmodium comprises diverse clades with lineages that independently gave origin to the extant human parasites. Indeed, the differences between the human malaria parasites were highlighted in the classical taxonomy by dividing them into two subgenera, the subgenus Plasmodium, which included all the human parasites but Plasmodium falciparum that was placed in its separate subgenus, Laverania. Here, the evolution of Plasmodium in primates will be discussed in terms of their species diversity and some of their distinct phenotypes, putative molecular adaptations, and host–parasite biocenosis. Thus, in addition to a current phylogeny using genome-level data, some specific molecular features will be discussed as examples of how these parasites have diverged. The two subgenera of malaria parasites found in primates, Plasmodium and Laverania, reflect extant monophyletic groups that originated in Africa. However, the subgenus Plasmodium involves species in Southeast Asia that were likely the result of adaptive radiation. Such events led to the Plasmodium vivax lineage. Although the Laverania species, including P. falciparum, has been considered to share “avian characteristics,” molecular traits that were likely in the common ancestor of primate and avian parasites are sometimes kept in the Plasmodium subgenus while being lost in Laverania. Assessing how molecular traits in the primate malaria clades originated is a fundamental science problem that will likely provide new targets for interventions. However, given that the genus Plasmodium is paraphyletic (some descendant groups are in other genera), understanding the evolution of malaria parasites will benefit from studying “non-Plasmodium” Haemosporida. BioMed Central 2022-05-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9066883/ /pubmed/35505356 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04130-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Review Escalante, Ananias A. Cepeda, Axl S. Pacheco, M. Andreína Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities |
title | Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities |
title_full | Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities |
title_fullStr | Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities |
title_full_unstemmed | Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities |
title_short | Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities |
title_sort | why plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum are so different? a tale of two clades and their species diversities |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9066883/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35505356 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04130-9 |
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