Conversion mechanism of heptachlor by a novel bacterial strain

Microbial treatment is the preferred method for the remediation of soil and water contaminated by heptachlor. We collected sludge samples from the sewage biological treatment pool of Shaanxi Insecticide Factory in Xi'an, China, which were used as bacteria source. With heptachlor as the substrate, at 30–35 °C, an effective microorganism (named strain H) for heptachlor degradation was isolated successfully after a long period of acclimation, screening and purification. Strain H was able to use heptachlor as a carbon source and had a good capacity for biodegradation of heptachlor. Strain H was preliminarily identified as a Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, single-cell bacterial strain that was similar to the genus Escherichia or Shigella, according to the analysis of its morphology and physiological–biochemical characteristics. Then, strain H was further identified as a novel bacterium based on the similarity analysis of its 16S rDNA gene sequence with the sequences logged in the RDP and GenBank databases. The 16S rDNA of this bacterium has never been reported before. When the inoculation volume and the pH were 20% and 7.1–7.6, respectively, the degradation rate of heptachlor can reach more than 88.2% in 130 h, with the initial concentration of heptachlor being 300 μg L(−1) at 30–35 °C. Identification of the metabolites by GC/MS showed that strain H degrades heptachlor via two pathways simultaneously, i.e., pathway (1) hydroxylation at the C1 position of heptachlor to 1-hydroxychlordene followed by epoxidation and dechlorination to chlordene epoxide; and pathway (2) epoxidation at the C2 and C3 positions of heptachlor to heptachlor epoxide, and then heptachlor epoxide was further transformed to chlordene epoxide by dechlorination reaction, or degraded to heptachlor diol by hydrolysis reaction. The biodegradation of heptachlor indicated that heptachlor and its metabolites can be converted into less-toxic small molecular metabolites by a series of reactions such as epoxidation, hydrolysis and dechlorination reactions.