Novel N-doped ZrO(2) with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production and degradation of organic dyes

Two new types of N-doped ZrO(2) photocatalysts ZON and AZON have been synthesized using ethylenediamine as the nitrogen source by a facile and low-cost sol–gel method. The N-doped ZrO(2) samples have been characterized using various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and N(2) adsorption–desorption tests. The XRD analysis shows that the crystallinity of ZON samples calcined at 400–600 °C can be indexed to monoclinic ZrO(2); while the AZON samples calcined at 400–550 °C only show amorphous diffraction patterns. The UV-Vis response of both N-doped ZrO(2) samples can be extended to the visible light regime. The high resolution XPS spectra indicate that N element has been doped in the lattice of ZrO(2). Visible-light photocatalytic reactions using the N-doped ZrO(2) photocatalysts (i.e. ZON, AZON) calcined at 450 °C show the highest hydrogen production rate (2.12 mmol g(−1) h(−1)) and best methylene orange degradation performance due to substitutional N-doping of the ZrO(2). The novel N-doped ZrO(2) materials are demonstrated to be very promising photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. Our results provide useful insights into the development of novel photocatalytic materials for hydrogen production and degradation of organic wastes by narrowing the wide bandgap of semiconductors with high photocatalytic activity under UV-Vis light.