Compact TiO(2) films with sandwiched Ag nanoparticles as electron-collecting layer in planar type perovskite solar cells: improvement in efficiency and stability

Fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in a simple way with high efficiency and stability remains a challenge. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were sandwiched between two compact TiO(2) layers through a facile process of spin-coating an ethanolic AgNO(3) solution, followed by thermal annealing. The presence of Ag NPs in the electron-transporting layer of TiO(2) improved the light input to the device, the morphology of the perovskite film prepared on top, and eliminated leakage current. Photoluminescence and electron mobility studies revealed that the incorporation of Ag NPs in the ETL of the planar PSC device facilitated the electron–hole separation and promoted charge extraction and transport from perovskite to ETL. Hysteresis-free devices with incorporated Ag NPs gave a high average short-circuit current density (J(sc)) of 22.91 ± 0.39 mA cm(−2) and maximum power conversion efficiency of 17.25%. The devices also showed enhanced stability versus a control device without embedded Ag NPs. The possible reasons for the improvement are analyzed and discussed.