Highly (100)-oriented CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)(Cl) perovskite solar cells prepared with NH(4)Cl using an air blow method

The effects of adding NH(4)Cl via an air blow process on CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)(Cl) perovskite solar cells were investigated. CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)(Cl) solar cells containing various amounts of NH(4)Cl were fabricated by spin-coating. The microstructures of the resulting cells were investigated by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The current density–voltage characteristics of the cell were improved by adding an appropriate amount of NH(4)Cl and air blowing, which increased the photoconversion efficiency to 14%. Microstructure analysis indicated that the perovskite layer contained dense grains with strong (100) orientation, as a result of NH(4)Cl addition and air blowing. The ratio of the (100)/(210) reflection intensities for the perovskite crystals was 2000 times higher than that of randomly oriented grains. The devices were stable when stored in ambient air for two weeks.