Frequency and temperature-dependence of dielectric permittivity and electric modulus studies of the solid solution Ca(0.85)Er(0.1)Ti(1−x)Co(4x/3)O(3) (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1)

The dielectric properties of Ca(0.85)Er(0.1)Ti(1−x)Co(4x/3)O(3) (CETCo(x)) (x = 0.00, 0.05 and 0.10), prepared by a sol–gel method, were systematically characterized. The temperature and frequency dependence of the dielectric properties showed a major effect of the grain and grain boundary. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of CETCo(x) decreased sharply with increasing frequency. This is referred to as the Maxwell–Wagner type of polarization in accordance with Koop's theory. As a function of temperature, the dielectric loss and the real part of permittivity decreased with increasing frequency as well as Co rate. Indeed, a classical ferroelectric behavior was observed for x = 0.00. The non-ferroelectric state of the grain boundary and its correlation with structure, however, proved the existence of a relaxor behavior for x = 0.05 and 0.10. The complex electric modulus analysis M*(ω) confirmed that the relaxation process is thermally activated. The normalized imaginary part of the modulus indicated that the relaxation process is dominated by the short range movement of charge carriers.