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Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing

Additive manufacturing (AM) or industrial three-dimensional (3D) printing drives a new spectrum of design and production possibilities; pushing the boundaries both in the application by production of sophisticated products as well as the development of next-generation materials. AM technologies appl...

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Autores principales: Alijagic, Andi, Engwall, Magnus, Särndahl, Eva, Karlsson, Helen, Hedbrant, Alexander, Andersson, Lena, Karlsson, Patrik, Dalemo, Magnus, Scherbak, Nikolai, Färnlund, Kim, Larsson, Maria, Persson, Alexander
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9081788/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35548681
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2022.836447
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author Alijagic, Andi
Engwall, Magnus
Särndahl, Eva
Karlsson, Helen
Hedbrant, Alexander
Andersson, Lena
Karlsson, Patrik
Dalemo, Magnus
Scherbak, Nikolai
Färnlund, Kim
Larsson, Maria
Persson, Alexander
author_facet Alijagic, Andi
Engwall, Magnus
Särndahl, Eva
Karlsson, Helen
Hedbrant, Alexander
Andersson, Lena
Karlsson, Patrik
Dalemo, Magnus
Scherbak, Nikolai
Färnlund, Kim
Larsson, Maria
Persson, Alexander
author_sort Alijagic, Andi
collection PubMed
description Additive manufacturing (AM) or industrial three-dimensional (3D) printing drives a new spectrum of design and production possibilities; pushing the boundaries both in the application by production of sophisticated products as well as the development of next-generation materials. AM technologies apply a diversity of feedstocks, including plastic, metallic, and ceramic particle powders with distinct size, shape, and surface chemistry. In addition, powders are often reused, which may change the particles’ physicochemical properties and by that alter their toxic potential. The AM production technology commonly relies on a laser or electron beam to selectively melt or sinter particle powders. Large energy input on feedstock powders generates several byproducts, including varying amounts of virgin microparticles, nanoparticles, spatter, and volatile chemicals that are emitted in the working environment; throughout the production and processing phases. The micro and nanoscale size may enable particles to interact with and to cross biological barriers, which could, in turn, give rise to unexpected adverse outcomes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, activation of signaling pathways, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Another important aspect of AM-associated risks is emission/leakage of mono- and oligomers due to polymer breakdown and high temperature transformation of chemicals from polymeric particles, both during production, use, and in vivo, including in target cells. These chemicals are potential inducers of direct toxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. Nevertheless, understanding whether AM particle powders and their byproducts may exert adverse effects in humans is largely lacking and urges comprehensive safety assessment across the entire AM lifecycle—spanning from virgin and reused to airborne particles. Therefore, this review will detail: 1) brief overview of the AM feedstock powders, impact of reuse on particle physicochemical properties, main exposure pathways and protective measures in AM industry, 2) role of particle biological identity and key toxicological endpoints in the particle safety assessment, and 3) next-generation toxicology approaches in nanosafety for safety assessment in AM. Altogether, the proposed testing approach will enable a deeper understanding of existing and emerging particle and chemical safety challenges and provide a strategy for the development of cutting-edge methodologies for hazard identification and risk assessment in the AM industry.
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spelling pubmed-90817882022-05-10 Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing Alijagic, Andi Engwall, Magnus Särndahl, Eva Karlsson, Helen Hedbrant, Alexander Andersson, Lena Karlsson, Patrik Dalemo, Magnus Scherbak, Nikolai Färnlund, Kim Larsson, Maria Persson, Alexander Front Toxicol Toxicology Additive manufacturing (AM) or industrial three-dimensional (3D) printing drives a new spectrum of design and production possibilities; pushing the boundaries both in the application by production of sophisticated products as well as the development of next-generation materials. AM technologies apply a diversity of feedstocks, including plastic, metallic, and ceramic particle powders with distinct size, shape, and surface chemistry. In addition, powders are often reused, which may change the particles’ physicochemical properties and by that alter their toxic potential. The AM production technology commonly relies on a laser or electron beam to selectively melt or sinter particle powders. Large energy input on feedstock powders generates several byproducts, including varying amounts of virgin microparticles, nanoparticles, spatter, and volatile chemicals that are emitted in the working environment; throughout the production and processing phases. The micro and nanoscale size may enable particles to interact with and to cross biological barriers, which could, in turn, give rise to unexpected adverse outcomes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, activation of signaling pathways, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Another important aspect of AM-associated risks is emission/leakage of mono- and oligomers due to polymer breakdown and high temperature transformation of chemicals from polymeric particles, both during production, use, and in vivo, including in target cells. These chemicals are potential inducers of direct toxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. Nevertheless, understanding whether AM particle powders and their byproducts may exert adverse effects in humans is largely lacking and urges comprehensive safety assessment across the entire AM lifecycle—spanning from virgin and reused to airborne particles. Therefore, this review will detail: 1) brief overview of the AM feedstock powders, impact of reuse on particle physicochemical properties, main exposure pathways and protective measures in AM industry, 2) role of particle biological identity and key toxicological endpoints in the particle safety assessment, and 3) next-generation toxicology approaches in nanosafety for safety assessment in AM. Altogether, the proposed testing approach will enable a deeper understanding of existing and emerging particle and chemical safety challenges and provide a strategy for the development of cutting-edge methodologies for hazard identification and risk assessment in the AM industry. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-04-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9081788/ /pubmed/35548681 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2022.836447 Text en Copyright © 2022 Alijagic, Engwall, Särndahl, Karlsson, Hedbrant, Andersson, Karlsson, Dalemo, Scherbak, Färnlund, Larsson and Persson. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Toxicology
Alijagic, Andi
Engwall, Magnus
Särndahl, Eva
Karlsson, Helen
Hedbrant, Alexander
Andersson, Lena
Karlsson, Patrik
Dalemo, Magnus
Scherbak, Nikolai
Färnlund, Kim
Larsson, Maria
Persson, Alexander
Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing
title Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing
title_full Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing
title_fullStr Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing
title_full_unstemmed Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing
title_short Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing
title_sort particle safety assessment in additive manufacturing: from exposure risks to advanced toxicology testing
topic Toxicology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9081788/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35548681
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2022.836447
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