Synthesis of Bi(2)O(3)/g-C(3)N(4) for enhanced photocatalytic CO(2) reduction with a Z-scheme mechanism

Bi(2)O(3)/g-C(3)N(4) nanoscale composites with a Z-scheme mechanism were successfully synthesized by high temperature calcination combined with a hydrothermal method. These synthesized composites exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, especially the 40 wt% Bi(2)O(3)/g-C(3)N(4) composite, which produced about 1.8 times the CO yield of pure g-C(3)N(4). The obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) and so on. Characterization results revealed that Bi ions had well covered the surface of g-C(3)N(4), thus restraining the recombination of electron–hole pairs and resulting in a stronger visible-light response and higher CO yield. In addition, the electron transfer process through the Z-scheme mechanism also promoted the photocatalytic activity.