Dose-response relationship between risk factors and incidence of COVID-19 in 325 hospitalized patients: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been widely reported, but the assessment of dose-response relationships and risk factors for mortality and severe cases and clinical outcomes remain unclear. AIM: To determine the dose-response relationship between risk factors and incidence of COVID-19. METHODS: In this retrospective, multicenter cohort study, we included patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection who had been discharged or had died by February 6, 2020. We used multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models to determine the dose-response relationship between risk factors and incidence of COVID-19. RESULTS: It clarified that increasing risk of in-hospital death were associated with older age (HR: 1.04, 95%CI: 1.01-1.09), higher lactate dehydrogenase [HR: 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.10], C-reactive protein (HR: 1.10, 95%CI: 1.01-1.23), and procalcitonin (natural log-transformed HR: 1.88, 95%CI: 1.22-2.88), and D-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL at admission (natural log transformed HR: 1.63, 95%CI: 1.03-2.58) by multivariable regression. D-dimer and procalcitonin were logarithmically correlated with COVID-19 mortality risk, while there was a linear dose-response correlation between age, lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer and procalcitonin, independent of established risk factors. CONCLUSION: Higher lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer, and procalcitonin levels were independently associated with a dose-response increased risk of COVID-19 mortality.