Adverse effect of nano-TiO(2) on the marine macroalgae Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): growth and antioxidant activity

Macroalgae, the major contributor of primary productivity in coastal seas, contribute to the material cycle and energy flow in marine ecosystems. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the toxic effect of nano-TiO(2) on the growth and antioxidant activity of Gracilaria lemaneiformis. An obvious inhibition of growth was observed in this study. The algae exposed to nano-TiO(2) showed a negative growth rate at 20 mg L(−1) and 40 mg L(−1) during the 15 days exposure. The concentration of soluble protein increased slightly during the first 3 days of exposure, but it gradually diminished thereafter due to the high concentrations of nano-TiO(2) and to prolonged exposure. Nano-TiO(2) caused oxidative damage in G. lemaneiformis; superoxide anions accumulated, and nitrate reductase activity decreased linearly with the increase in nano-TiO(2). Furthermore, extracts of G. lemaneiformis can scavenge DPPH· and hydroxyl radicals for their antioxidant capacity. However, the capacity to scavenge DPPH· and hydroxyl radicals in vitro decreased slightly with the increase in nano-TiO(2). The results from this work imply that macroalgae can be an effective biomarker of nano-TiO(2) contamination and can be useful indicators to evaluate the oxidative damage of increasing pollutants in marine ecosystems.