Microstructure and characterization of aluminum-incorporated calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H) under hydrothermal conditions

The phase assembly and microstructure of the aluminum-incorporated CaO–SiO(2)–H(2)O system, which is technologically important in autoclaved building materials, catalysis and waste management, were investigated using XRD, SEM, FTIR and NMR depending on aluminum addition, reaction temperature and curing time. The content of each phase was obtained using the MAUD program based on the Rietveld refinement. The results revealed that the formation of the tobermorite phase was promoted at Al/(Al + Si) ≤ 0.03, and subsequently retarded by higher aluminum addition, which was corroborated by the presence of more low polymerized and cross-linked (alumino)silicate chains. The phase purity decreased with increasing aluminum addition. Aluminum changed the morphology of tobermorite from plate-like to lath-like and fibrous. About a quarter of the (alumino)silicate chains in the C–S–H structure were linked though a [triple bond, length as m-dash]Si–O–Al[triple bond, length as m-dash] configuration, and this proportion was almost independent of aluminum addition. Furthermore, only Al[4] substituted for silicon in the aluminum incorporated C–S–H, while Al[6] just exited in the hydrogarnet phase. This work is beneficial for understanding the implication on micro-properties of by-products or admixtures containing aluminum in concrete.