The role of children in household transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: To explore household transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in children in new-variants dominating periods. METHODS: Through retrieval in PubMed and Embase, studies were included in two parts: meta-analysis of the household secondary attack rate (SAR) and case analysis of household pediatric infections. RESULTS: A total of 95 articles were included: 48 for meta-analysis and 47 for case analysis. Pediatric COVID-19 only comprised a minority of the household transmission. The total pooled household SAR of child index cases and contacts were 0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15–0.26) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.18–0.30). Lower household transmissibility was reported in both child index cases and contacts than in adults (relative risk [RR] = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50–0.81; RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.64–0.85). Younger children were as susceptible as the older children (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.72–1.10). Through subgroup analyses of different variants and periods, increased household SAR was observed in children (Wild: 0.20; Alpha: 0.42; Delta: 0.35; Omicron: 0.56), and no significant difference was found in household SAR between children and adults when new variants dominated. CONCLUSION: Although children were found not to be dominant in the household transmission, their transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 appeared to be on the rise as new variants emerged.