A gel single ion conducting polymer electrolyte enables durable and safe lithium ion batteries via graft polymerization

Concentration polarization issues and lithium dendrite formation, which associate inherently with the commercial dual-ion electrolytes, restrict the performance of lithium ion batteries. Single ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SIPEs) with high lithium ion transference numbers (t(+) ≈ 1) are being intensively studied to circumvent these issues. Herein, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) is chosen as the backbone and then grafted with lithium 3-chloropropanesulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiCPSI) via Williamson's reaction, resulting in a side-chain-grafted single ion polymer conductor (EVOH-graft-LiCPSI). The ionomer is further blended with poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) by solution casting for practical use. The SIPE membrane with ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC = 1 : 1, v/v) as plasticizer (i.e., gel SIPE) exhibits an ionic conductivity of 5.7 × 10(−5) S cm(−1), a lithium ion transference number of 0.88, a wide electrochemical window of 4.8 V (vs. Li/Li(+)) and adequate mechanical strength. Finally, the gel SIPE is applied in a lithium ion battery as the electrolyte as well as the separator, delivering an initial discharge capacity of 100 mA h g(−1) at 1C which remains at 95 mA h g(−1) after 500 cycles.