Ti(3)C(2) MXene-anchored photoelectrochemical detection of exosomes by in situ fabrication of CdS nanoparticles with enzyme-assisted hybridization chain reaction

Exosomes that carry large amounts of tumor-specific molecular information have been identified as a potential non-invasive biomarker for early warning of cancer. In this work, we reported an enzyme-assisted photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor for quantification of exosomes based on the in situ synthesis of Ti(3)C(2) MXene/CdS composites with magnetic separation technology and hybridization chain reaction (HCR). First, exosomes were specifically bound between aptamer-labeled magnetic beads (CD63-MBs) and a cholesterol-labeled DNA anchor. The properly designed anchor ends acted as a trigger to enrich the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) through HCR. It catalyzed more sodium thiophosphate to generate the sulfideion (S(2−)), which combined with Cd(2+) for in situ fabrication of CdS on Ti(3)C(2) MXene resulting in elevated photocurrent. The Ti(3)C(2) MXene-anchored PEC method was realized for the quantitative detection of exosomes, which exhibited the dynamic working range from 7.3 × 10(5) particles per mL to 3.285 × 10(8) particles per mL with a limit of detection of 7.875 × 10(4) particles per mL. The strategy showed acceptable stability, high sensitivity, rapid response and excellent selectivity. Furthermore, we believe that the PEC biosensor has huge potential as a routine bioassay method for the precise quantification of exosomes from breast cancer in the future.