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Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Osteocytes are the conductors of bone adaptation and remodelling. Buried inside the calcified matrix, they sense mechanical cues and signal osteoclasts in case of low activity, and osteoblasts when stresses are high. How do osteocytes detect mechanical stress? What physical signal...

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Autor principal: Smit, Theodoor H.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer US 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9095560/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35298773
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00728-9
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author Smit, Theodoor H.
author_facet Smit, Theodoor H.
author_sort Smit, Theodoor H.
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description PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Osteocytes are the conductors of bone adaptation and remodelling. Buried inside the calcified matrix, they sense mechanical cues and signal osteoclasts in case of low activity, and osteoblasts when stresses are high. How do osteocytes detect mechanical stress? What physical signal do they perceive? Finite element analysis is a useful tool to address these questions as it allows calculating stresses, strains and fluid flow where they cannot be measured. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the capabilities and challenges of finite element models of bone, in particular the osteocytes and load-induced activation mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS: High-resolution imaging and increased computational power allow ever more detailed modelling of osteocytes, either in isolation or embedded within the mineralised matrix. Over the years, homogeneous models of bone and osteocytes got replaced by heterogeneous and microstructural models, including, e.g. the lacuno-canalicular network and the cytoskeleton. SUMMARY: The lacuno-canalicular network induces strain amplifications and the osteocyte protrusions seem to be stimulated much more than the cell body, both by strain and fluid flow. More realistic cell geometries, like minute constrictions of the canaliculi, increase this effect. Microstructural osteocyte models describe the transduction of external stimuli to the nucleus. Supracellular multiscale models (e.g. of a tunnelling osteon) allow to study differential loading of osteocytes and to distinguish between strain and fluid flow as the pivotal stimulatory cue. In the future, the finite element models may be enhanced by including chemical transport and intercellular communication between osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
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spelling pubmed-90955602022-05-13 Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation Smit, Theodoor H. Curr Osteoporos Rep Osteocytes (J Delgado-Calle and J Klein-Nulend, Section Editors) PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Osteocytes are the conductors of bone adaptation and remodelling. Buried inside the calcified matrix, they sense mechanical cues and signal osteoclasts in case of low activity, and osteoblasts when stresses are high. How do osteocytes detect mechanical stress? What physical signal do they perceive? Finite element analysis is a useful tool to address these questions as it allows calculating stresses, strains and fluid flow where they cannot be measured. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the capabilities and challenges of finite element models of bone, in particular the osteocytes and load-induced activation mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS: High-resolution imaging and increased computational power allow ever more detailed modelling of osteocytes, either in isolation or embedded within the mineralised matrix. Over the years, homogeneous models of bone and osteocytes got replaced by heterogeneous and microstructural models, including, e.g. the lacuno-canalicular network and the cytoskeleton. SUMMARY: The lacuno-canalicular network induces strain amplifications and the osteocyte protrusions seem to be stimulated much more than the cell body, both by strain and fluid flow. More realistic cell geometries, like minute constrictions of the canaliculi, increase this effect. Microstructural osteocyte models describe the transduction of external stimuli to the nucleus. Supracellular multiscale models (e.g. of a tunnelling osteon) allow to study differential loading of osteocytes and to distinguish between strain and fluid flow as the pivotal stimulatory cue. In the future, the finite element models may be enhanced by including chemical transport and intercellular communication between osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Springer US 2022-03-17 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9095560/ /pubmed/35298773 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00728-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Osteocytes (J Delgado-Calle and J Klein-Nulend, Section Editors)
Smit, Theodoor H.
Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation
title Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation
title_full Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation
title_fullStr Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation
title_full_unstemmed Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation
title_short Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation
title_sort finite element models of osteocytes and their load-induced activation
topic Osteocytes (J Delgado-Calle and J Klein-Nulend, Section Editors)
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9095560/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35298773
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00728-9
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