The nasal microbiome of predicting bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of prematurity and may cause substantial long-term disabilities. To characterize and compare the nasal swabs microbiome of early stage in premature infants and determine whether microbial diversity or composition in the nostrils associated with BPD disease. We performed a prospective observational cohort design. Preterm neonates less than or equal to 30 weeks of gestation were recruited from NICU, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from 2019 to 2020. Sterile foam swabs were collected from anterior nares at 1 and 3 weeks of postnatal age. We used PCR amplification and 16S rDNA sequencing. Neonatal demographic data including gestational age, birth weight, medication administration history and discharge outcomes were recorded. A total of 49 nasal swab samples were collected from 28 premature infants. Thirteen infants with BPD and 15 controls were finally involved in the study. Birth weights ranged from 700 to 1550 g. Gestational age ranged from 25(2/7) to 30. We found increased in the expression of Prevotella and decreased of Caulobacter in BPD group at both times. Prevotella and Caulobacter were correlated with the severity of BPD (Spearman r = 0.551, r = − 0.545; P = 0.00005, 0.00006; respectively). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under characteristic curve of Caulobacter model at first week reached 0.821 and Prevotella model at third week was 0.796. Moreover, microbial functional prediction analysis revealed that ABC-type transports were distinctively changed in BPD group. In summary, the use of non-invasive nasal swabs of microbiome to explore the pathophysiology in BPD is a compelling method worthy continuing to expand and research.